I started a climate modeling project assuming I'd be dealing with "large" datasets. Then I saw the actual size: 2 terabytes. I wrote a straightforward NumPy script, hit-run, and grabbed a coffee. Bad idea. When I came back, my machine had frozen. I restarted and tried a smaller slice. Same crash. My usual workflow wasn't going to work. After some trial and error, I eventually landed on Zarr, a Python library for chunked array storage. It let me process that entire 2TB dataset on my laptop without any crashes. Here's what I learned:
Sometimes I want to test out Python statistical libraries, but I can't find any datasets. Fortunately, it's easy to get around that by generating some of my own. Here's how I do it.
I use VS Code almost every day. One thing that sticks with me about it is that it can do so much heavy lifting for you. Doing repetitive edits? Searching for files in the sidebar? Retyping the same boilerplate for the hundredth time? VS Code can ease all these for you. Let's dive in to see how.
Security researchers and penetration testers gain a comprehensive open-source reconnaissance platform with the release of Argus v2.0, a Python-based information gathering toolkit that consolidates 135 specialised modules into a unified command-line interface. The toolkit addresses the growing complexity of modern attack surface management by providing integrated access to network mapping, web application analysis, and threat […]
Deep learning libraries are essentially sets of functions and routines written in a given programming language. A large set of deep learning libraries can make it quite simpler for data engineers, data scientists and developers to perform tasks of any complexity without having to rewrite vast lines of code. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been rapidly […]
Python Software Foundation: We are thrilled to announce that Anthropic has entered into a two-year partnership with the Python Software Foundation (PSF) to contribute a landmark total of $1.5 million to support the foundation's work, with an emphasis on Python ecosystem security. This investment will enable the PSF to make crucial security advances to CPython and the Python Package Index (PyPI) benefiting all users, and it will also sustain the foundation's core work supporting the Python language, ecosystem, and global community.
Anthropic's funds will enable the PSF to make progress on our security roadmap, including work designed to protect millions of PyPI users from attempted supply-chain attacks. Planned projects include creating new tools for automated proactive review of all packages uploaded to PyPI, improving on the current process of reactive-only review. We intend to create a new dataset of known malware that will allow us to design these novel tools, relying on capability analysis. One of the advantages of this project is that we expect the outputs we develop to be transferable to all open source package repositories. As a result, this work has the potential to ultimately improve security across multiple open source ecosystems, starting with the Python ecosystem.
[neos-builder] wrote in to let us know about their innovation: the HORUS Framework — Hybrid Optimized Robotics Unified System — a production-grade robotics framework built in Rust for real-time performance and memory safety.
This is a batteries included system which aims to have everything you might need available out of the box. [neos-builder] said their vision is to create a robotics framework that is “thick” as a whole (we can’t avoid this as the tools, drivers, etc. make it impossible to be slim and fit everyone’s needs), but modular by choice.
[neos-builder] goes on to say that HORUS aims to provide developers an interface where they can focus on writing algorithms and logic, not on setting up their environments and solving configuration issues and resolving DLL hell. With HORUS instead of writing one monolithic program, you build independent nodes, connected by topics, which are run by a scheduler. If you’d like to know more the documentation is extensive.
The list of features is far too long for us to repeat here, but one cool feature in addition to the real-time performance and modular design that jumped out at us was this system’s ability to process six million messages per second, sustained. That’s a lot of messages! Another neat feature is the system’s ability to “freeze” the environment, thereby assuring everyone on the team is using the same version of included components, no more “but it works on my machine!” And we should probably let you know that Python integration is a feature, connected by shared-memory inter-process communication (IPC).
Cybersecurity researchers at Blackpoint Cyber discovered a new, evasive CastleLoader malware variant using Python and ClickFix social engineering to deliver RATs and info-stealers directly from memory.
In this write-up, we will explore the “Planning” machine from Hack The Box, categorised as an easy difficulty challenge. This walkthrough will cover the reconnaissance, exploitation, and privilege escalation steps required to capture the flag.
Objective:
The goal of this walkthrough is to complete the “Planning” machine from Hack The Box by achieving the following objectives:
User Flag:
During reconnaissance, extensive fuzzing was required to identify a Grafana instance vulnerable to CVE-2024-9264—a critical flaw enabling arbitrary command execution through unsanitized SQL inputs in the DuckDB CLI. By deploying a proof-of-concept exploit, I successfully extracted files and ran commands, gaining entry to the Grafana container but not the underlying host. Subsequent enumeration uncovered valid credentials for the user “enzo,” which granted SSH access to the host system.
Root Flag:
Once on the host, I discovered the Crontab-UI service—a web-based tool for managing cron jobs—running on localhost:8000 and secured with Basic Authentication. Leveraging the earlier credentials for the “enzo” user, I authenticated to the interface and added a malicious cron job configured to establish a reverse shell connection.
Enumerating the Machine
Reconnaissance:
Nmap Scan:
Begin with a network scan to identify open ports and running services on the target machine.
Port 22 (SSH): Secure Shell service for remote access.
Port 80 (HTTP): Web server running Apache.
Web Application Exploration:
The website for Edukate appears to be a standard educational platform.
What is Edukate?
Edukate is a free educational website template designed for online learning platforms and academic institutions. Its intuitive layout improves user engagement, while its clean, developer-friendly codebase makes customization simple. Built with Sass for easy maintenance, Edukate is optimized for page speed to deliver fast loading times and lower bounce rates. It is fully cross-browser compatible, ensuring a smooth experience across all major browsers, and SEO-friendly to help boost search engine rankings.
Gobuster found a valid virtual host: grafana.planning.htb.
This is likely an internal service meant for the organization’s team, not a public endpoint.
Since it contains grafana, it strongly suggests it is a Grafana dashboard instance.
Grafana Application
The grafana.planning.htb subdomain loads successfully and displays the Grafana login page.
We should be able to log in using the credentials provided by Hack The Box.
Username: admin
Password: 0D5oT70Fq13EvB5r
We need to inspect the traffic using Burp Suite.
First, I noticed that the endpoint /api/user/auth-tokens-rotate is available here.
We successfully gained access to the Grafana dashboard.
We also confirmed that the Grafana instance is running version 11.0.0
There are numerous tokens being rotated here.
This is what the response looks like in Burp Suite.
Critical SQL Expression Vulnerability in Grafana Enabling Authenticated LFI/RCE
This vulnerability targets Grafana 11’s experimental SQL Expressions feature, which allows users to post-process query results via custom SQL using DuckDB. The flaw arises because user input isn’t properly sanitized before being sent to the DuckDB CLI, enabling remote code execution (RCE) or arbitrary file reads. The root cause is unfiltered input passed directly to the DuckDB command-line interface. The CVSS v3.1 score is 9.9 (Critical).
Grafana doesn’t include DuckDB by default. For exploitation, DuckDB must be installed on the server and accessible in Grafana’s PATH. If it’s absent, the system is safe.
Using a PoC, we can exploit this flaw to read system files, demonstrating its impact and severity.
Let’s search Google for potential exploits targeting Grafana v11.0.0
This flaw enables authenticated users to attain remote code execution (RCE). I exploited it using the publicly available proof-of-concept from Nollium’s GitHub repository.
We successfully retrieved the /etc/passwd file.
When we ran the whoami command, it returned root, which is unexpected.
Let’s set up our listener.
Unfortunately, we were unable to execute the command due to an error.
As suspected, this is running inside a Docker container.
The environment variables reveal the Grafana admin credentials:
GF_SECURITY_ADMIN_USER=enzo
GF_SECURITY_ADMIN_PASSWORD=RioTecRANDEntANT!.
Exploit CVE-2024-9264 using Burp Suite.
The api/ds/query endpoint is available in Grafana, and we can leverage it for this exploit.
If the full path is not specified, it responds with a “Not Found” message.
However, attempting to execute the full path results in an “Unauthorized” response.
It’s still the same; we need to send the JSON data here.
This JSON payload is a crafted query sent to Grafana’s api/ds/query endpoint. It uses the Expression data source with an SQL expression to run a sequence of commands: first installing and loading the shellfs extension, then executing whoami and redirecting the output to /tmp/output.txt. This effectively demonstrates command execution through CVE-2024-9264.
Reading the contents of /tmp/output.txt confirms that the whoami command executed on the target machine.
Let’s set up our listener to catch the reverse shell.
Use this SQL command to execute the bash script.
It’s hanging, which is a good sign that the payload is executing.
We successfully received a reverse shell connection.
We attempted to switch to the enzo user with su enzo, but it didn’t work.
SSH worked perfectly and allowed us to log in successfully.
We were able to read the user flag by running cat user.txt.
Escalate To Root Privileges Access
Privilege Escalation:
Locate the database file.
We discovered /opt/crrontabs/crontab.db.
The password for root_grafana is P4ssw0rdS0pRi0T3c.
Port 8000 is open here, which is unusual.
Let’s set up port forwarding for port 8000.
We need to provide the credentials to log in.
We need to use the credentials we discovered earlier to log in.
It turned out to be a cron jobs management interface.
What is Cronjob-UI?
Crontab-UI is an open-source Node.js web interface for managing cron jobs on Unix-like systems, simplifying tasks like creating, editing, pausing, deleting, and backing up crontab entries via a browser (default: http://localhost:8000). It reduces errors from manual text editing, supports error logging, email notifications, webhooks, and easy import/export for multi-machine deployment. Installation is via npm (npm install crontab-ui -g), with optional Docker support and Basic Auth for security. Ideal for beginners handling scheduled tasks.
We need to create a new cron job command.
The shell.sh file contains the reverse shell that will connect back to us.
We will use curl to fetch the file, as demonstrated earlier.
The file was transferred successfully, as expected.
We were able to access the root shell and read the root flag by running cat root.txt.
Everyone knows that I am not a programmer, but yesterday was a holiday in my country and I was doing some tidying up of my notes and todo lists, and one entry was quite old and I thought, ok, it is probably time to complete this task. Holy moly, but how does that relate to programming? Let’s start at the beginning.
Vengeance is one of the digital world.local series which makes vulnerable boxes closer to OSCP labs. This box has a lot of services and there could be multiple ways to exploit this, Below is what I have tried. Lab requirement: 1. Kali VM 2. Download Vengeance: https://www.vulnhub.com/entry/digitalworldlocal-vengeance,704 3. Some patience. I have written article already […]
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