A top House lawmaker is developing legislation to codify the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s Center for AI Standards and Innovation into law.

The move to codify CAISI comes as lawmakers and the Trump administration debate and discuss the federal government’s role in overseeing AI technology.

Rep. Jay Obernolte (R-Calif.), chairman of the House Science, Space and Technology Committee’s research and technology subcommittee, said he has a “forthcoming” bill dubbed the “Great American AI Act.”

During a Wednesday hearing, Obernolte said the bill will formalize CAISI’s role to “advance AI evaluation and standard setting.”

“The work it does in doing AI model evaluation is essential in creating a regulatory toolbox for our sectoral regulators, so everyone doesn’t have to reinvent the wheel,” Obernolte said.

The Biden administration had initially established an AI Safety Institute at NIST. But last summer, the Trump administration rebranded the center to focus on standards and innovation.

Last September, the center released an evaluation of the Chinese “DeepSeek” AI model that found it lagged behind U.S. models on cost, security and performance. More recently, CAISI released a request for information on securing AI agent systems.

Despite the Trump administration’s rebranding, however, Obernolte noted the NIST center’s functions have largely stayed consistent. He argued codifying the center would provide stability.

“I think everyone would agree, it’s unhealthy for us to have every successive administration spin up a brand new agency that, essentially, is doing something with a long-term mission that needs continuity,” he said.

Obernolte asked Michael Kratsios, the director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, what he thought about codifying the center into law.

Kratsios said CAISI is an “very important part of the larger AI agenda.” He also said it was important for the administration to reframe the center’s work around innovation and standards, rather than safety.

“It’s absolutely important that the legacy work around standards relating to AI are undertaken by CAISI, and that’s what they’re challenged to do,” Kratsios said. “And that’s the focus that they should have, because the great standards that are put out by CAISI and by NIST are the ones that, ultimately, will empower the proliferation of this technology across many industries.”

Later on in the hearing, Kratsios said the NIST center would play a key role in setting standards for “advanced metrology of model evaluation.”

“That is something that can be used across all industries when they want to deploy these models,” he said. “You want to have trust in them so that when everyday Americans are using, whether it be medical models or anything else, they are comfortable with the fact that it has been tested and evaluated.”

Obernolte and Rep. Sarah McBride (D-Del.), meanwhile, have also introduced the “READ AI Act.” The bill would direct NIST to develop guidelines for how AI models should be evaluated, including standard documentation.

Asked about the bill, Kratsios said it was worthy of consideration, but added that any such efforts should avoid just focusing on frontier AI model evaluation.

“The reality is that the most implementation that’s going to happen across industry is going to happen through fine-tuned models for specific use cases, and it’s going to be trained on specific data that the large frontier models never had access to,” he added.

“In my opinion, the greatest work that NIST could do is to create the science behind how you measure models, such that any time that you have a specific model – for finance, for health, for agriculture – whoever’s attempting to implement it has a framework and a standard around how they can evaluate that model,” Kratsios continued. “At the end of the day, the massive proliferation is going to be through these smaller, fine-tuned models for specific use cases.”

Discussion around the role of the NIST center comes amid a larger debate over the role of the federal government in setting AI standards. In a December executive order, President Donald Trump called for legislative recommendations to create a national framework that would preempt state AI laws.

But during the hearing, Kratsios offered few specifics on what he and Special Adviser for AI and Crypto David Sacks have been considering.

“That’s something that I very much look forward to working with everyone on this committee on,” Kratsios said.  “What was clear in the executive order, specifically, was that, any proposed legislation should not preempt otherwise lawful state actions relating to child safety protections, AI compute and data infrastructure, and also state government procurement and use of AI.”

“But, we look forward over the next weeks and months to be working with Congress on a viable solution,” he added.

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Congressional appropriators are looking to maintain, and in some cases increase, the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s work in areas like artificial intelligence, cybersecurity and quantum research.

The appropriations agreement released by House and Senate negotiators this week would include $1.8 billion for NIST, instead of funding cuts for the agency proposed by the Trump administration. The “minibus” appropriations package rejected many of the administration’s proposed budget cuts and limited agency reorganizations.

The agreement includes $1.25 billion for NIST’s research and services division, more than $542 million above the Trump administration’s request. The White House had proposed cutting NIST funding and positions in areas like cybersecurity and privacy; health and biological systems measurements; and physical infrastructure and resilience.

Meanwhile, industry and lawmakers had urged Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick to protect NIST’s budget and workforce.

The agreement also $405 million for NIST’s “Community Project Funding,” more commonly referred to as earmarks. The White House had proposed phasing out that funding in fiscal 2026.

The appropriations agreement also includes $175 million to continue funding NIST’s Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program. The MEP program includes 97 positions and helps fund a national network of centers across all 50 states and Puerto Rico that provide services to small- and medium-sized U.S. manufacturers.

The Trump administration had proposed defunding the MEP program, arguing it was outdated and had struggled to address challenges facing the U.S. manufacturing sector.

Language in the explanatory section of the appropriations agreement, however, includes strong language that forbids Commerce from revising the MEP program without gaining “explicit approval” from the committees as part of the appropriations process.

“The secretary is directed to continue the program under the same terms and conditions as were required in fiscal year 2024 and to issue awards at no less than the amounts in fiscal year 2024,” appropriators wrote. “Further, the agreement directs that no funds are provided to execute or plan for a program that reduces the number of active MEP Centers and that the secretary shall minimize, by rapidly executing funding competitions and renewing existing Centers in a timely manner, the periods of time when no MEP Center is active in any state or Puerto Rico.”

The funding in the agreement includes $55 million for NIST’s AI research and measurement efforts. Up to $10 million is intended to expand NIST’s Center for AI Standards and Innovation. NIST plays a key role in the Trump administration’s AI agenda. 

Lawmakers also want NIST to conduct various evaluations, including one comparing Chinese and U.S. AI capabilities and another evaluating foreign AI models.

The bill also includes $128 million in base construction funding to repair and upgrade major research facilities, including facilities at NIST’s main campus in Gaithersburg, Md.

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Congressional appropriators are rejecting some of the most severe agency budget cuts proposed by the Trump administration, and are looking to put additional guardrails on unilateral agency reorganizations that could further shrink the federal workforce.

A “minibus” of three spending bills for fiscal 2026, released by the House and Senate appropriations committees on Monday, prohibits covered agencies from using congressional funds to carry out most agency reorganization activities until they provide advanced notice to appropriators. Those activities include unilaterally reprogramming funds to create or eliminate programs, projects or activities, relocate any office or employees, or cut more than 5% of the employees or funding that support a program, project or activity.

It also prohibits agencies from carrying out these reorganizations using “general savings,” including savings from a reduction in personnel, “which would result in a change in existing programs, projects, or activities as approved by Congress.”

This language applies to a wide swath of agencies — including the departments of Justice, Interior, Commerce and Energy, as well as the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Science Foundation and NASA.

The spending package also includes language ensuring that the National Weather Service, the Bureau of Land Management, the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Forest Service and the EPA maintain staffing levels that allow them to carry out their statutory obligations.

Democrats on the appropriations committees said the spending deal reasserts Congress’s power of the purse, and seeks to rein in the Trump administration’s repurposing of agency budgets and unilateral agency reorganizations.

The Government Accountability Office found last year that several agencies unlawfully withheld congressional appropriations last year through a process called impoundment. GAO is still reviewing dozens of cases of potential impoundment.

Republican appropriators said the spending deal reflects “current fiscal constraints,” and trims the budgets of the Interior Department, EPA and the Forest Service to reflect recent staffing cuts.

The Trump administration sought to lay off about 4,000 federal employees during the recent government shutdown. Office of Management and Budget Director Russ Vought said last October that layoffs at these agencies were justified because lawmakers allowed funds for these programs to expire, indicating they were no longer congressional priorities.

A stopgap spending bill, set to expire on Jan. 30, has put a hold on layoffs at some agencies. The Interior Department was poised to eliminate more than 2,000 positions.

Steep cuts at other agencies, however, have already gone into effect. A recent inspector general report found that the Energy Department lost about 20% of its employees in fiscal 2025 through a combination of voluntary separation incentives, retirements and “other human resource actions.”

The National Park Service and the EPA have also lost about 25% of their workforce under the Trump administration.

The minibus spending package generally seeks modest spending reductions for covered agencies, but departs from the Trump administration’s calls for major budget cuts.  It would cut the EPA’s budget by about 4% in fiscal 2026 — a far cry from the 55% budget cut the Trump administration proposed.

Lawmakers are also proposing a nearly 4% budget cut for the National Science Foundation, rejecting the Trump administration’s request to cut NSF’s budget by about 57% in FY 2026.

The minibus offers a $24.43 billion budget for NASA, a nearly 2% decrease from current spending levels. But the package rejects most of the Trump administration’s proposals to cut NASA’s science budget by nearly half and terminate 55 operating and planned missions.

Lawmakers are seeking a $160 million budget increase for the Energy Department’s Office of Science — about a 2% boost from current spending levels, rejecting the Trump administration’s calls to cut more than $1 billion from its current budget. DOE’s Office of Science supports research being conducted by 22,000 researchers at 17 national labs and over 300 universities.

Lawmakers are proposing a $3.27 billion budget for the National Park Service, about a 2% overall budget decrease. The spending plan includes flat funding for National Park Service operations. The Trump administration proposed cutting the NPS operating budget by nearly $1 billion.

The National Parks Conservation Association said in a statement that the bill includes key provisions “seeking to retain and rehire urgently needed Park Service staff, which would help restore the agency’s capacity to protect our parks, as well as require congressional notification of any plans for future mass firings.”

NPCA President and CEO Theresa Pierno said that the association had been “sounding the alarm on the need for park funding and staffing for months, and Congress listened.”

Senate Appropriations Committee Vice Chairwoman Patty Murray (D-Wash.) said in a statement that Democrats, as part of these negotiations, “defeated heartless cuts,” and are reasserting congressional control of how agencies spend appropriated funds.

Murray said language in the minibus bill prevents President Donald Trump and cabinet secretaries from “unilaterally” deciding how to spend taxpayer dollars. A yearlong continuing resolution for fiscal 2025, she added, lacked these detailed funding directives for hundreds of programs, and “turned over decision-making power to the executive branch to fill in the gaps itself.”

“Importantly, passing these bills will help ensure that Congress, not President Trump and Russ Vought, decides how taxpayer dollars are spent — by once again providing hundreds of detailed spending directives and reasserting congressional control over these incredibly important spending decisions,” Murray said.

Sen. Chris Van Hollen (D-Md.), ranking member of the committee’s subcommittee on commerce, justice, science and related agencies, said the spending package rejects the Trump administration’s deep cuts to scientific agencies, including NASA Goddard, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Institute of Standards and Technology. All three agencies are based in Maryland.

“Our bill makes clear that Congress, on a bipartisan basis, will not accept this administration’s reckless, harmful cuts,” Van Hollen said in a statement.

Van Hollen said the bill “is not perfect,” but requires the Trump administration to provide more details on plans to relocate the FBI’s headquarters to the Reagan Building in downtown Washington, D.C., before it can tap into funds Congress had set aside for the project.

Before it taps into those funds, the FBI must give congressional appropriators an architectural and engineering plan for the new headquarters building.

“This is an important step to reassert Congress’s oversight role in the relocation of the FBI headquarters and to ensure the new headquarters meets the mission and security needs of the FBI,” Van Hollen said.

Committee Chairwoman Susan Collins (R-Maine) called the minibus a “fiscally responsible package that restrains spending while providing essential federal investments” in water infrastructure, energy and national security, and scientific research.

“The package supports our law enforcement and provides funding for national weather forecasting and oceans and fisheries science to save lives and livelihoods,” she said. “It provides investments in our public lands and upholds our commitments to tribal communities.”

House Appropriations Committee Chairman Tom Cole (R-Okla.) said the bipartisan spending package “reflects steady progress toward completing FY26 funding responsibly.”

House Appropriations Committee Ranking Member Rosa DeLauro (D-Conn.) said the spending package “reasserts Congress’s power of the purse.”

“Rather than another short-sighted stop-gap measure that affords the Trump Administration broader discretion, this full-year funding package restrains the White House through precise, legally binding spending requirements,” DeLauro said.

Congress has already passed FY 2026 spending bills that cover the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Veterans Affairs, military construction and the legislative branch.

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