As one of the world’s foremost voices on cybersecurity and crisis leadership, Sarah Armstrong-Smith has spent her career at the intersection of technology, resilience and human decision-making. Formerly chief security advisor at Microsoft Europe, and now a member of the UK Government Cyber Advisory Board, she is widely recognized for her ability to translate complex technical challenges into actionable business strategy.

In this exclusive interview with The Cyber Security Speakers Agency, Sarah explores how today’s CIOs must evolve from technology enablers to resilience architects — embedding cyber preparedness into the core of business strategy. Drawing on decades of experience leading crisis management and resilience functions at global organizations, she offers a masterclass in how technology leaders can balance innovation with security, manage disruption with clarity and build cultures of trust in an era defined by volatility and digital interdependence.

For business and technology leaders navigating the next wave of transformation, Sarah’s insights offer a rare blend of strategic depth and practical foresight — a roadmap for leadership in the age of perpetual disruption.

1. As digital transformation accelerates, how can CIOs embed cyber resilience into the very fabric of business strategy rather than treating it as a separate function?

Cyber resilience should be recognised as a strategic enabler, not merely a technical safeguard. CIOs must champion a holistic approach where resilience is woven into every stage of digital transformation — from initial design through to deployment and ongoing operations.

This requires close collaboration with business leaders to ensure risk management and security controls are embedded from the outset, rather than being an afterthought. By aligning cyber resilience objectives with business outcomes, CIOs can work alongside CISOs to help their organizations anticipate threats, adapt rapidly to disruptions and maintain stakeholder trust.

Embedding resilience also demands a shift in organizational mindset. CIOs should help to foster a culture where every employee understands their role in protecting digital assets and maintaining operational service.

This involves education and cross-functional exercises that simulate real-world incidents, aligned to current threats. By making resilience a shared responsibility and a key performance metric, CIOs can ensure their organizations are not only prepared to withstand a range of threats but are also positioned to recover quickly and thrive in the face of adversity.

2. CIOs and CISOs often face tension between innovation and security. What’s your advice for maintaining that balance while still driving progress?

Balancing innovation and security are constant challenges that require CIOs to act as both risk managers and business catalysts. The key is to embed security and resilience considerations early into the innovation lifecycle, ensuring new technologies and processes are assessed for risk early and often.

CIOs should promote agile governance frameworks that allow for rapid experimentation while maintaining clear guardrails around information protection, compliance and operational integrity. By involving security teams from the outset, organizations can identify potential vulnerabilities before they become systemic issues.

At the same time, CISOs must avoid creating a culture of fear that stifles creativity. Instead, they should encourage responsible risk-taking by providing teams with the tools, guidance and autonomy to innovate securely.

This includes leveraging automation, zero-trust architectures and continuous monitoring to reduce vulnerabilities and enable faster, safer deployment of solutions. Ultimately, the goal is to create an environment where innovation and security are mutually reinforcing, driving competitive advantage and organizational resilience.

3. You’ve led crisis management and resilience teams across major organizations. What leadership lessons can CIOs take from managing incidents under pressure?

Effective crisis leadership is built on preparation, decisiveness and transparent communication. CIOs must ensure their teams are well-versed in incident response and empowered to act swiftly when an incident occurs.

This means investing in due diligence, having clear escalation paths and robust playbooks that outline the critical path, and designated roles and responsibilities. During a crisis, leaders must remain calm, protect critical assets and make informed decisions based on real-time intelligence.

Equally important is the ability to communicate clearly with both internal and external stakeholders. CIOs and CISOs should work in unison to provide timely updates to the board, regulators and customers, balancing transparency with the need to protect vulnerable people and sensitive data.

Demonstrating accountability and empathy during a crisis can help preserve trust and minimise reputational damage. After the incident, leaders should be thoroughly committed to post-mortems to identify ‘no blame’ lessons learned and drive continuous improvement, ensuring the organization emerges stronger and more resilient.

4. With AI transforming both security threats and defences, what role should CIOs play in governing ethical and responsible AI adoption?

CIOs are uniquely positioned to guide the ethical deployment of AI and emerging tech, balancing innovation with risk management and societal responsibility. They should contribute to governance frameworks that address data privacy, algorithmic bias and transparency, ensuring AI systems are designed and operated in accordance with core organizational policies and regulatory requirements. This involves collaborating with legal, compliance and HR teams to develop policies that safeguard against unintended consequences and consequential impact.

Additionally, CIOs should champion ongoing education and awareness around AI ethics, both within IT and across the wider organization. By fostering a culture of accountability and continuous learning, CIOs can help teams identify and mitigate risks associated with AI through the implementation of rigorous engineering principles.

Regular technical and security assessments and stakeholder engagement is essential to maintaining trust and ensuring AI adoption delivers positive outcomes for those most impacted by it.

5. In your experience, what distinguishes organizations that recover stronger from a cyber incident from those that struggle to regain trust?

Organizations that recover stronger from cyber incidents typically demonstrate resilience through proactive planning, transparent communication and a commitment to continuous improvement. They invest in proactive and reactive capabilities and a positive culture driven by empathetic leadership, empowerment and accountability.

When an incident occurs, these organizations respond swiftly, contain the threat and communicate transparently with stakeholders about the actions being taken to remediate and reduce future occurrences.

Conversely, organizations that struggle often lack preparedness and fail to engage stakeholders effectively. Delayed or inconsistent communication can erode trust and amplify reputational damage.

The most resilient organizations treat incidents and near-misses as learning opportunities, conducting thorough post-incident reviews and implementing changes to strengthen their defences. By prioritising transparency, accountability and a culture of resilience, CIOs can help their organizations not only recover but also enhance their reputation and stakeholder confidence.

6. How can CIOs cultivate a security-first culture across non-technical teams — especially in remote or hybrid work environments?

Cultivating a security-first culture requires CIOs and CISOs to make cybersecurity relevant and accessible to all employees, regardless of technical expertise. This starts with tailored training programmes that address the specific risks faced by different stakeholders, rather than a one-size-fits-all approach.

This should leverage engaging formats – like interactive workshops, gamified learning and real-world simulations to reinforce positive behaviors and outcomes

Beyond training, CIOs and CISOs must embed security into everyday workflows by providing user-friendly tools and clear guidance. Regular communication, visible leadership and recognition of positive security behaviors can help sustain momentum.

In hybrid environments, CIOs should ensure policies are dynamic and adaptive to evolving threats, enabling employees to work securely without sacrificing productivity. By fostering a sense of shared responsibility and empowering non-technical teams, CIOs can build a resilient culture that extends beyond the IT department.

7. Boards are increasingly holding CIOs accountable for resilience and risk. How can technology leaders communicate complex security risks in business language?

To effectively engage boards, CIOs must translate technical issues into enterprise risks, framing cybersecurity and resilience as a strategic imperative rather than a technical challenge. This involves articulating how exposure to specific threats could affect safety, revenue, reputation, regulatory compliance and operational services. CIOs and CISOs should use clear, non-technical language, supported by real-world scenarios, to illustrate the potential consequences of ineffective controls and the value of resilience investments.

Regular, structured and diligent reporting — such as dashboards, heat maps and risk registers — can help boards visualise enterprise risk exposure and track progress over time. CIOs should foster open dialogue, encouraging board members to ask questions and participate in scenario planning.

By aligning security discussions with business objectives and demonstrating the ROI of resilience initiatives, technology and security leaders can build trust and secure the support needed to drive meaningful change.

8. What emerging risks or trends should CIOs be preparing for in 2025 and beyond?

CIOs must stay ahead of a rapidly evolving threat landscape, characterised by the proliferation of AI-enabled attacks, supply chain vulnerabilities and targeted campaigns. The rise of quantum computing poses long-term risks to traditional encryption methods, necessitating understanding and early exploration of quantum-safe solutions.

Additionally, regulatory scrutiny around data sovereignty and ethical AI is intensifying, requiring codes of conduct and governance strategies.

Beyond technology, CIOs should anticipate continuous shifts in workforce dynamics, such as the increase in human-related threats. Societal risks, geopolitical instability and the convergence of physical and cyber threats are also shaping the resilience agenda. By maintaining a forward-looking perspective and investing in adaptive capabilities, leaders can position their organizations to navigate uncertainty and capitalize on emerging opportunities.

9. How important is collaboration between CIOs and other business leaders, such as CFOs and CHROs, in building organizational resilience?

Collaboration across the entire C-suite is essential for building holistic resilience that encompasses people, technology, finance and processes. CIOs must work closely with CFOs to align resilience investments with business priorities and CROs to ensure risk management strategies are financially sustainable. Engaging CHROs is equally important, as workforce readiness and culture play a critical role in responding to and recovering from disruptions.

Joint initiatives such as cross-functional crisis simulations, integrated risk assessments and shared accountability frameworks can help break down silos and foster a unified approach to resilience.

By leveraging diverse perspectives and expertise, CIOs can drive more effective decision-making and ensure resilience is embedded throughout the organization. Ultimately, strong collaboration enables organizations to reduce assumptions, anticipate challenges, respond cohesively and emerge stronger in times of adversity.

10. Finally, what personal qualities do you believe future-ready CIOs must develop to lead effectively through constant disruption?

Future-ready CIOs must embody adaptability, strategic vision and emotional intelligence. The pace of technological change and the frequency of disruptive events demand leaders who can pivot quickly, embrace uncertainty and inspire confidence in their teams. CIOs should cultivate an inquisitive mindset, continuously seeking new knowledge and challenging conventional wisdom to stay ahead of emerging trends.

Equally important are communication and collaboration skills. CIOs must be able to articulate complex ideas clearly, build consensus across diverse stakeholders and foster a culture of trust and accountability.

Resilience, empathy and a commitment to ethical leadership will enable CIOs to navigate challenges with integrity and guide their organizations through periods of uncertainty and transformation. By developing these qualities, CIOs can lead with purpose and drive sustainable success in an ever-changing landscape.

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