A Critical Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-55182, has been discovered in Next.js applications utilizing React Server Components (RSC) and Server Actions. This vulnerability stems from insecure deserialization within the underlying “Flight” protocol used by React. Unauthenticated remote attackers can exploit this flaw to execute arbitrary code on the server, potentially leading to a complete compromise of the application and underlying system.
Given the widespread adoption of Next.js and the critical severity of the flaw (CVSS 10.0), immediate action is required.
Affected Products
The vulnerability affects the React Server Components ecosystem, which is heavily integrated into modern frameworks like Next.js. Specifically, it impacts the react-server-dom-parcel, react-server-dom-turbopack, and react-server-dom-webpack packages.
Affected Versions:
React Server Components: Versions 19.0.0, 19.1.0, 19.1.1, and 19.2.0.
Next.js: Applications using App Router (Next.js 15.x, 16.x) or experimental Server Actions are likely affected by default.
Vulnerability Details
CVE-2025-55182 is an insecure deserialization vulnerability that occurs at “Server Function endpoints.”
The flaw exists because the server-side handler for the React “Flight” protocol unsafely deserializes payloads from HTTP requests. The server fails to properly validate serialized input before processing it. An attacker can trigger this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted POST request to the root path containing:
Specific Next-Action headers.
Malformed multipart data payloads.
When processed, this malformed payload triggers the insecure deserialization, allowing the attacker to inject and execute malicious code remotely.
Detection
Detectify customers can now test whether their applications are exposed to this RCE.
The vulnerability assessment released by Detectify checks for the presence of the insecure deserialization flaw by sending a specially crafted POST request to the root path with Next-Action headers and malformed multipart data. The test safely identifies the vulnerability by observing specific error responses from the server that confirm the deserialization failure, without executing malicious code.
Mitigation
Upgrade Immediately: The most effective mitigation is to upgrade the affected packages to their patched versions.
React Server Components: Upgrade react-server-dom-* packages to versions 19.0.1, 19.1.2, or 19.2.1 (or later).
Next.js: Upgrade to the latest patch release for your major version (e.g., Next.js 15.0.5+, 16.0.7+).
If immediate patching is not feasible: You may be able to mitigate the risk by applying Web Application Firewall (WAF) rules to block requests containing suspicious Next-Action headers or malformed multipart bodies, though this is not a substitute for patching.
Patch availability
The vulnerability is fixed in the following versions:
React Server Components: 19.0.1, 19.1.2, and 19.2.1.
Next.js: Various patch releases (check the official Next.js release log for your specific version branch).
Users are strongly advised to update to these versions.
Customers can always find updates in the “What’s New at Detectify” product log. Any questions can be directed to Customer Success representatives or Support. If you’re not already a customer, click here to sign up for a demo or a free trial and immediately start scanning. Go hack yourself!
Prominent financial market wizard Peter Brandt has shared a sarcastic take on XRP investors and their unusually intense optimism. In a recent commentary on X, Brandt remarked that XRP bulls rank among the two most “obsessed perma-bull” groups, investors who remain extremely bullish regardless of market conditions.
Market veteran Peter Brandt has suggested that Bitcoin could correct by as much as 75%, citing historical data. His recent commentary comes on the back of the latest Bitcoin crash below $90,000 on Dec.
Bitcoin nears historical support as veteran analyst Peter Brandt warns prices could slide toward lower channel levels. Bitcoin (BTC) is trading at $86,032, marking a 0.7% decline over the past seven days.
Google Maps adds AI-powered tips, social recommendations, reviewer privacy tools, and EV charger predictions to help travelers navigate the holiday rush.
Google Maps adds AI-powered tips, social recommendations, reviewer privacy tools, and EV charger predictions to help travelers navigate the holiday rush.
At ManagedMethods, we’re always listening and thinking about how we can make our cybersecurity, student safety, and classroom management products simpler and more effective for educators and IT leaders. This Fall, we’re excited to share several new updates across both Classroom Manager and Cloud Monitor, designed to help districts improve student engagement, streamline digital class ...
Google Calendar now lets you block time for Google Tasks with busy status, auto-decline, and DND settings, making deep work easier and more intentional.
Google Calendar now lets you block time for Google Tasks with busy status, auto-decline, and DND settings, making deep work easier and more intentional.
Six months after launch, Alfred, the AI Agent that autonomously builds security tests, has revolutionized our workflow. Alfred has delivered over 450 validated tests against high-priority threats (average CVSS 8.5) with 70% requiring zero manual adjustment, allowing our human security researchers to concentrate on more complex, high-impact issues.
Now, we’re elevating Alfred’s capabilities by integrating real-world threat actor intelligence directly into its core system. This significant enhancement ensures that Alfred immediately prioritizes and generates tests for the most alarming, actively weaponized CVEs, dramatically increasing the speed and relevance of protection for all Detectify customers.
A deeper focus on threat actors
When we first built the vulnerability catalog that Alfred uses to source its assessments, the initial focus was identifying which CVEs were being utilized by Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) and other active threat actors. Up until now, the system has primarily sourced raw vulnerability data (CVEs, along with their exploitability likelihood). However, in the spirit of our original intent, we’ve overhauled the pipeline to directly integrate active threat intelligence.
This means that the vulnerability catalog used to feed the Alfred pipeline now sources two critical elements: vulnerabilities AND threat actors.
This change allows Alfred to place immediate and explicit emphasis on the CVEs that are being actively exploited by malicious actors in the wild. Alfred ensures that the most dangerous, actively weaponized CVEs are prioritized first for test generation and deployment onto the Detectify platform by adding up-to-the-minute threat actor behavior into our prioritization model.
Capturing even more relevant hits
In addition to this enhanced threat intelligence sourcing, we have also optimized Alfred’s processing pipeline. This alteration is designed to capture an even broader scope of relevant CVEs: specifically, those with a high likelihood of translating into actionable security tests that will help our customers find vulnerabilities in their assets.
We’re excited to deliver continuous and even higher-value security research by combining the power of the Detectify Crowdsource community with our AI Researcher Alfred.
In the wake of the federal government’s push to bring employees back to the office, agencies like FEMA are facing a critical crossroads. While the intent behind return-to-office policies may be rooted in tradition, optics or perceived productivity, the reality is far more complex — and far more costly.
For employees with disabilities, these mandates are not just inconvenient. They are exclusionary, legally questionable and operationally unsound.
The law is clear — even if agency practices aren’t
The Jan. 20, 2025, presidential mandate directing federal employees to return to in-person work includes a crucial caveat: It must be implemented consistent with applicable law. That includes the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which require agencies to provide effective accommodations to qualified employees with disabilities unless doing so would cause undue hardship.
Yet, across the federal landscape, many agency leaders are misinterpreting this mandate as a blanket prohibition against remote work, even in cases where virtual accommodations are medically necessary and legally protected. This misapplication is not only harmful to employees, it exposes agencies to legal liability, reputational damage and operational risk.
FEMA’s case study: A broken system with real consequences
At FEMA, the consequences of this misinterpretation are playing out in real time. In fiscal year 2025 alone, FEMA employees submitted over 4,600 reasonable accommodation requests, up more than three times from the previous year. Despite this surge, the agency’s accommodation infrastructure remains underresourced and reactive.
Supervisors, often untrained in disability law, are making high-stakes decisions without adequate support. The result? Delays, denials and errors that leave employees feeling unseen, unsupported and in some cases, forced out of the workforce entirely.
One FEMA reservist with a service-connected disability shared:
“After months of silence and no support, I gave up. I stopped applying for deployments. I felt like FEMA had no place for me anymore.”
Another permanent employee wrote:
“I wasn’t asking for anything fancy — just to do my job from home so I didn’t collapse from pain after 20 minutes in the building. Instead, I was treated like a problem.”
These stories are not isolated. They reflect a systemic failure that is both preventable and fixable.
The cost of dysfunction
When agencies deny effective accommodations, they don’t just violate the law, they lose talent, morale and money.
Consider the cost of FEMA forcing an employee to deploy in person to a disaster event when they could be performing the same job virtually instead. Tens of thousands of dollars in airfare, lodging and meals — all paid from the Disaster Relief Fund — become unnecessarily incurred expenses. Worse, the employee may underperform due to physical hardship or burn out entirely. In contrast, virtual deployment may be a zero-cost, high-return accommodation that results in better stewardship of taxpayer dollars.
Reasonable accommodations, when applied correctly, do not remove essential job functions or lower performance standards. They enable employees to meet those standards in a way that aligns with their health and abilities. They are not a problem; they are a solution.
Return-to-office mandates are not one-size-fits-all
Federal agencies must recognize that return-to-office policies and reasonable accommodations are not mutually exclusive. Virtual work can, and should, coexist with in-person mandates when it enables qualified individuals with disabilities to perform their essential functions.
This is not just a legal imperative. It’s a strategic one.
A supported, well-equipped workforce is more productive, more mission-focused, and less likely to file complaints and grievances. Accommodations foster a positive workplace culture, which is critical for retaining skilled staff. They also align with the administration’s stated goals of rooting out inefficiency and ensuring high performance among public servants.
A smarter path forward
To modernize federal accommodation practices and align them with both legal obligations and operational goals, agencies should consider the following steps:
Strategic messaging campaign
The highest levels of leadership must publicly affirm that supporting reasonable accommodations is a legal requirement and a mission enabler — not a discretionary gesture.
Training and certification for deciding officials
Supervisors must be equipped with the knowledge and tools to make informed, lawful decisions about accommodation requests.
Portability review of roles
Agencies should classify roles based on their viability for virtual or in-person work to promote consistency, fairness, and transparency in decision-making. This classification should be grounded in the actual essential functions of each role — not tradition or “the way it’s always been done.” For FEMA and similar agencies, defining disaster-related roles by their portability (i.e., whether they can be performed remotely or require physical presence) would provide a clear, functional framework for evaluating reasonable accommodation requests. This approach enables faster, more equitable adjudication and ensures that decisions are aligned with both operational needs and employee rights.
Enhanced support infrastructure
Create interactive tool kits, office hours and just-in-time training to support supervisors and employees navigating the accommodation process.
Contractor resource optimization
Utilize existing contracts and skilled personnel to accelerate processing of virtual work-related requests, reducing backlog, and swiftly complying with strict processing time frames.
Streamlined implementation
Improve procurement and delivery of approved accommodations — such as assistive technology, sign language interpretation and ergonomic equipment.
Employee feedback integration
Use post-decision surveys to monitor effectiveness, identify barriers and improve transparency.
Accommodations are not a burden — they’re a blueprint for better governance
Federal agencies must stop treating reasonable accommodations as a bureaucratic hurdle and start recognizing them as a strategic asset. A fully optimized accommodation program enhances legal compliance, protects against risk, retains mission-critical personnel and improves operational excellence.
Return-to-office mandates may be politically popular, but they must be implemented with nuance, compassion and legal integrity. For employees with disabilities, flexibility is not a perk — it’s a lifeline. And for agencies like FEMA, it’s the key to building a workforce that’s not just present, but prepared.
Jodi Hershey is a former FEMA reasonable accommodation specialist and is now the founder of EASE, LLC.
Mature businessman holding his head in stress, sitting at a desk with computer and documents. Indian manager working late and worried for company deadline. Stress, anxiety and burnout of a mid adult business man accounting risk and audit report or debt.
Our API scanner can test for dozens of vulnerability types like prompt injections and misconfigurations. We’re excited to share today that we’re releasing vulnerability tests for OAuth API authorization for organizations that use JWT tokens. These JWT, or JSON Web Tokens, are meant to prove that you have access to whatever it is you are accessing. One of the most critical JWT vulnerabilities is algorithm confusion. This occurs when an attacker tricks the server into verifying the token’s signature using a different, less secure algorithm than intended. There are plenty of other issues that can go wrong with managing JWT, which is why having a test to catch these misconfigurations is so useful.
Our API scanner can now detect a variety of misconfigurations that occur with JWT, like timestamp confusion or even manipulating the header with ‘none.’ This will help mitigate the risk of misconfigurations that come up when things like managing complex infrastructure is a daily part of an AppSec team’s scope.
So, how are we able to release new types of vulnerability tests that are outside of the OWASP API Top Ten or publicly available CVEs?
When we set out to build our API scanning engine, we faced a fundamental choice: wrap an existing open-source tool like ZAP, or build something from the ground up. Unlike other vendors, we chose the latter. While open-source tools are invaluable to the security community, we believe our customers deserve more than repackaged checks and noisy results. To deliver on that, we engineered a proprietary engine guided by three core principles:
Dynamic Payloads. Traditional API scanners run the same tests, and if your API hasn’t changed, you get the same results. This can create a false sense of security. We’ve taken a different approach. Our engine uses dynamic payloads that are randomized and rotated with every scan. This means that each scan is a unique event, a novel attempt to find vulnerabilities that static checks would miss. Even in an unchanged API, our scanner offers a continuous opportunity for discovery.
Massive Scale, Reproducible Results. Our dynamic approach doesn’t come at the cost of consistency. It allows for a massive scale of test variations. For certain tests, like prompt injection, the number of potential payload permutations is theoretically over 922 quintillion. For command injections, we draw from a library of over 330,000 payloads. This isn’t chaos; it’s controlled and predictable randomization. We use a “seed” for each scan, much like a seed in Minecraft generates a specific world. This allows us to precisely reproduce the exact payload that identified a vulnerability, ensuring our findings are always verifiable and actionable for your developers.
Research-Led, High-Fidelity Findings. Our engine is the product of our internal security research team—the same team that powers the rest of Detectify. We prioritize exploitability, meaning we attempt to actually exploit a vulnerability rather than simply flagging a potential issue. This, combined with our proprietary fuzzing technology with a history of finding zero-days, results in high-accuracy findings you can trust. This drastically reduces the time you would otherwise waste on triaging false positives, allowing you to focus on what matters.
Research-led vulnerability testing means that our engines don’t rely on publicly available information.
Detectify builds and maintains its scanning engines in-house to tailor them specifically for modern application architectures. This approach is designed to yield more accurate results for custom applications by better understanding complex logic and API-driven front-ends. In contrast, general-purpose open-source engines can struggle with the nuances of modern apps and APIs.
Why does this matter to AppSec teams? Simply put, reduced noise. Many security vendors today rely heavily on open-source tooling, meaning no steps are taken by the tool to reduce noise. By building its own engines, Detectify can implement methodologies like testing for OAuth authorization, which helps curb the time users spend validating vulnerabilities.
This means that our API Scanner is not only dynamic in how it tests for vulnerabilities, but also not limited by what is possible at the moment
One piece of feedback we’ve regularly received from our customers is that they find the breadth of coverage really useful. Not only can we discover high and critical vulnerabilities, but we can also find issues like misconfigured JWT tokens and missing security headers, something that isn’t commonly available in API scanners.
We can deliver this kind of experience to our users because our engines are built with the AppSec team in mind, meaning that we consider the use cases that our users need.
Detectify’s research-led approach and proprietary fuzzing engine deliver high-fidelity, actionable results that empower AppSec teams to secure their APIs with confidence – try our API scanner to experience the difference.
New research on SocGholish (FakeUpdates) reveals how this MaaS platform is used by threat actors like Evil Corp and RansomHub to compromise websites, steal data, and launch high-impact attacks on healthcare and businesses worldwide.
We know the importance of staying ahead of threats. At Detectify, we’re committed to providing you with the tools you need to secure your applications effectively. This update covers our new Dynamic API Scanning feature, updates over the last few months, and the latest additions to our vulnerability testing capabilities.
What have we shipped to customers over the last few months?
Introducing Dynamic API Scanning
We’re excited to announce the launch of Dynamic API Scanning, now integrated into the Detectify platform. As APIs become increasingly critical to modern applications, they also present a growing attack surface. Our new API Scanning engine is designed to provide you with unified visibility and research-led testing for your APIs.
Key capabilities include:
Comprehensive Vulnerability Coverage: We test for a broad range of vulnerabilities, including the OWASP API Top 10, to ensure your APIs are protected against the most critical threats.
Unified Platform: By integrating API scanning into the Detectify platform, we provide a single pane of glass for managing the security of your entire attack surface.
This new feature will help you tackle challenges such as incomplete API inventories and the use of disparate testing solutions. The new API Scanner uses an advanced dynamic approach where the payloads used for testing are randomized and rotated with every single scan, meaning that every scan that we run against customer API is going to be unique; something that we never scanned before. Read more about Dynamic Payloads here.
Get started with Detectify API Scanning with this guide.
Not sure what to scan? We do.
Prioritizing deep application scanning across hundreds of assets is a significant challenge. To solve this, our new Scan Recommendations feature helps you move from guessing to certainty. It analyzes your attack surface to identify complex, interactive web apps and recommends them for deeper scanning, ensuring your most critical assets are always covered.
Detectify now presents asset classification in a single view
To decide what to test, you first need to know what each asset does. Our new Asset Classification feature automates this by analyzing and categorizing your web assets (e.g., rich web apps, APIs). This gives you the insight needed to prioritize security testing and ensure your attack surface is covered.
We’ve also made major improvements to how Detectify performs
New improved subdomain discovery with 3x wordlist
We’ve enhanced active subdomain discovery. It now runs recursively to find deeply nested subdomains and uses a wordlist that is three times larger. This expanded wordlist is explored over time to uncover obscure assets with minimal impact. To support these improvements, passive subdomain discovery must be enabled to run active discovery.
Filter Vulnerabilities based on a modification timestamp via API
We’ve improved vulnerability filtering in the API. The vulnerabilities endpoint now returns a <modified_at> timestamp that updates on any change, including manual actions. This allows for more granular queries using the new <modified_before> and <modified_after> filters.
We released a lot of new tests thanks to Alfred, Crowsource, and our internal Security Research team.
This product update would be very, very long if we listed all of the new vulnerabilities we implemented thanks to our Alfred, our AI Security Researcher, Crowdsource, and our incredible team of Security Researchers. So, you can check out all of our new tests here.
The world of payment security never stands still, and neither does PCI DSS. PCI DSS 4.0.1 Compliance is now the latest update that is the new talk of the town. Don’t worry it’s not that massive and heavy on changes but it is here to make a remarkable difference in transparency and finance.
The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS v.4.0) is a data security framework that helps businesses keep their customers’ sensitive data safe. Every organization, regardless of size and location, that handles customers payment card data has to be PCI DSS compliant. PCI DSS v4.0 consists of 12 main requirements, categorized under 6 core principles that every organization must adhere to in order to maintain compliance.
Since 2008, 4 years from the date it was first introduced, PCI DSS has undergone multiple revisions to keep up with the emerging cyber threats and evolving payment technologies. With each update, organizations are expected to refine their security practices to meet stricter compliance expectations.
Now, with PCI DSS 4.0.1, organizations must once again adapt to the latest regulatory changes. But what does this latest version bring to the table, and how can your organization ensure a smooth transition? Let’s take a closer look.
Introduction to PCI DSS v4.0.1
PCI DSS 4.0.1 is a revised version of PCI DSS v4.0, published by the PCI Security Standard Council (PCI SSC) on June 11, 2024. The latest version focuses on minor adjustments, such as formatting corrections and clarifications, rather than introducing new requirements. Importantly, PCI DSS version 4.0.1 does not add, delete, or modify any existing requirements. So, organizations that have already started transitioning to PCI DSS 4.0, won’t face any drastic changes, but it is crucial to understand the key updates to ensure full compliance.
PCI DSS 4.0.1 changes
We know PCI DSS 4.0.1 does not introduce any brand-new requirements, so what kind of refinements does it bring, and are they worth noting?
The answer is: Yes, they are, and you should comply with them to avoid non-compliance. The new updates aim to enhance clarity, consistency, and usability rather than overhaul existing security controls in PCI DSS.
Below are some of the significant updates in PCI DSS 4.0.1:
Improved Requirement Clarifications: The PCI Security Standards Council (PCI SSC) has fine-tuned the wording of several requirements to remove ambiguity. This ensures businesses have a clearer understanding of what’s expected.
Formatting Enhancements: To ensure uniformity across the framework, some sections have been reformatted. This may not impact your technical security controls but will help streamline audits and documentation.
Additional Implementation Guidance: Organizations now have more explanatory notes to assist them in correctly implementing security controls and compliance measures.
No Change in Compliance Deadlines: The transition deadline to PCI DSS 4.0 remains firm—March 31, 2025—so organizations need to stay on track with their compliance efforts.
Alignment with Supporting Documents: Updates ensure consistency across various PCI DSS-related materials like Self-Assessment Questionnaires (SAQs) and Reports on Compliance (ROCs), making assessments more straightforward.
Steps to comply with the new version of PCI DSS 4.0.1
1) Familiarize Yourself with PCI DSS 4.0.1 Updates
Review the official documentation from the PCI Security Standards Council.
Understand the refinements and how they apply to your current compliance efforts.
If you’re already transitioning to PCI DSS 4.0, confirm that 4.0.1 does not require any drastic modifications.
2) Conduct a Compliance Gap Analysis
Compare your existing security controls against PCI DSS 4.0.1 to identify areas needing adjustment.
Engage with internal stakeholders to assess any potential compliance gaps.
3) Update Policies and Documentation
Revise internal policies, security documentation, and operational procedures to align with clarified requirements.
Ensure that SAQs, ROCs, and Attestations of Compliance (AOCs) reflect the latest version.
4) Validate Security Controls
Perform security assessments, penetration testing, and vulnerability scans to confirm compliance.
Make necessary adjustments based on the refined guidance provided in PCI DSS 4.0.1.
5) Train Your Team on Key Updates
Conduct training sessions to educate staff and stakeholders on clarified expectations.
Ensure that compliance teams understand how the changes affect security protocols.
6) Consult a Qualified Security Assessor (QSA)
If your organization requires external validation, work closely with an experienced QSA (like the experts from VISTA InfoSec) to confirm that your compliance strategy meets PCI DSS 4.0.1 expectations.
Address any concerns raised by the assessor to avoid compliance delays.
7) Maintain Continuous Compliance and Monitoring
Implement robust logging, monitoring, and threat detection mechanisms.
Regularly test and update security controls to stay ahead of evolving cyber threats.
8) Prepare for the March 2025 Compliance Deadline
Keep track of your progress to ensure you meet the transition deadline.
If you’re already compliant with PCI DSS 4.0, verify that all adjustments from v4.0.1 are incorporated into your security framework.
FAQs
What are the main changes in PCI DSS 4.0.1 compared to 4.0?
PCI DSS 4.0.1 introduces clarifications, minor corrections, and additional guidance to make existing requirements in PCI DSS 4.0 easier to understand and implement.
Why was PCI DSS 4.0.1 released so soon after PCI DSS 4.0?
PCI DSS 4.0.1 was released to address feedback from organizations and assessors, ensuring requirements are clear, consistent, and practical without changing the core security goals of version 4.0.
How should organizations prepare for PCI DSS 4.0.1?
Organizations should review the updated documentation, perform a gap analysis, update policies and procedures if needed, and confirm alignment with the clarified requirements.
Are there new technical requirements in PCI DSS 4.0.1?
No new technical requirements were added. PCI DSS 4.0.1 focuses on clarifications and corrections to help organizations implement PCI DSS 4.0 more effectively.
What happens if my business does not comply with PCI DSS 4.0.1?
Failure to comply with PCI DSS 4.0.1 can lead to fines, loss of the ability to process card payments, and increased risk of data breaches due to weak security practices.
Conclusion
PCI DSS compliance isn’t just a checkbox exercise, it is your very first commitment when it comes to safeguarding your customer’s data and strengthening cybersecurity. While PCI DSS 4.0.1 may not introduce serious changes, its refinements serve as a crucial reminder that security is an ongoing journey, not a one-time effort. With the March 2025 compliance deadline fast approaching, now is the time to assess, adapt, and act.
Need expert guidance to navigate PCI DSS 4.0.1 seamlessly? Partner with us at VISTA InfoSec for a smooth, hassle-free transition to the latest version of PCI DSS. Because in payment security, compliance is just the beginning, true protection is the actual goal.
What if we told you that our newly released API Scanner has 922 quintillion payloads for a single type of vulnerability test? A quintillion is a billion billion – an immense number that highlights the limitations of traditional API security testing. Old methods like relying on signatures, vulnerability-specific payloads, or a fixed set of fuzzing inputs just aren’t enough anymore, especially when dealing with custom-built software and unique API endpoints.
A fixed set of payloads can’t find new and unknown vulnerabilities. The future (now present) of API security testing requires a new approach that can generate a nearly infinite set of payloads to keep pace with new and evolving threats, such as Prompt Injection.
In security testing, a payload is a specific string of text or data designed to interact with an application in an unintended way. For instance, a payload for an SQL Injection attack might be ‘ OR 1=1–, while a Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) payload could be <script>alert(‘XSS’)</script>. A payload for a Prompt Injection vulnerability could look like this:
Traditional API security scanners use static word lists, which are files containing a finite number of known payloads. Traditional scanners limit the volume of payloads they test for. If they were to attempt to test a massive array of payloads, it would be slow and costly for the vendor to execute. This brute-force approach is fundamentally limited because it can only find what it knows to look for.
A more advanced approach to API fuzzing (a security testing technique that involves feeding malformed or unexpected data into an application to see how it responds) relies on a basically “infinite” body of payloads. Instead of relying on a finite list, the security tool can generate a virtually limitless number of unique payloads on the fly. But with a list this large, how does a tester or a security scanner manage what to test? The answer lies in the seed number.
What is the “seed number” concept?
Much like a seed in the game Minecraft generates a unique and expansive world, a seed number for API fuzzing deterministically generates a specific subset of payloads from an “infinite” list. This ensures that the same seed will always produce the same payloads, which allows for reproducible and manageable scans without the need to store a massive word list. The new API scanner can generate a nearly infinite set of payloads, with over 922 quintillion for prompt injection alone, which allows it to try new things with every scan while still running all the standard tests.
How can machine learning make scanning smarter?
The true power of the seed number approach is leveraged when combined with machine learning principles. The system can learn from past scans and prioritize the most effective seeds. In the visual example above, for example, if seed 5684 consistently finds Prompt Injection vulnerabilities across various APIs, the security tool can “learn” that this seed is highly effective and prioritize using it for future scans on similar targets.
String Manipulation: Appending or prepending special characters like !@#$, <>.
Data Type Fuzzing: Replacing an integer with a string, or a boolean with a number.
Format String Attacks: Injecting format specifiers like %n, %s, or %x to test for format string vulnerabilities.
This dynamic approach can find novel vulnerabilities that a static word list could never anticipate by generating payloads in real time based on the application’s responses.
How does API vulnerability detection work?
Let’s look at <seed 5684> with corresponding <payload B!>. The API Scanner sees the target API as a “black box”. It doesn’t need to understand the underlying logic of the API. It sends a series of requests (some with clean data, and some with the mutated, seeded payloads) and it analyzes the responses from the server, looking for anomalies.
The key to detection is response comparison. A clean request should yield a predictable response, while a malicious or fuzzed request might trigger an unexpected change. This could manifest as:
A 500 Internal Server Error: A common indicator that an injected payload has caused an unhandled exception on the server.
A 403 Forbidden or 401 Unauthorized: If an API returns one of these status codes for a request, it indicates that a user lacks the necessary permissions. The goal is to then send a specific payload that “flips” this response to a 200 OK. If successful, there is proof of a filter, authentication, or authorization bypass, confirming a broken access control vulnerability.
Unexpected changes in response content: For example, an injected payload might cause the server to return database error messages or system file contents, or something as subtle as a deviating content length or longer response times.
The system flags these changes and presents them. This simple, response-based logic allows the tool to be highly effective and accurate without needing a deep understanding of the API’s internal workings. The engine takes this a step further by attempting to actually exploit the vulnerability, which reduces false positives and provides high-fidelity, actionable findings.
Conclusion
API security is moving away from static, reactive methods and towards a proactive, intelligent, and scalable model. Concepts like the seed number and mutation-based fuzzing, which can generate a virtually limitless attack surface to test against, help ensure that a security posture is as dynamic as the threats that organizations face.
We can’t afford to only test for what is considered the norm. A truly effective security tool must go out of its way to find hidden parameters, unconventional routes, and unexpected states that would otherwise go unnoticed by most scanners.
Try out our new API Scanner with dynamic fuzzing to see it in action. Book a demo here.
FAQ
Q: What is the main problem with traditional API security scanners? A: One of the main problems is their reliance on static, finite word lists of known payloads, which makes them ineffective against new, mutated payloads that attackers are constantly developing.
Q: How does a seed number help with API fuzzing? A: A seed number deterministically generates a specific, reproducible unique set of payloads from a much smaller list, allowing for manageable and repeatable scans without needing to store a massive word list. This is why the new API scanner is able to achieve massive scale while ensuring reproducible results.
Q: What does Detectify look for to detect a vulnerability? A: It looks for anomalies in the server’s response after a fuzzed request, such as a 500 Internal Server Error, a 403 Forbidden status, or unexpected changes in the response content, compared to a clean request.